摘要
在生活中,我们会出于各种各样的原因责备别人。道德责备和职业责备是最常见的责备,但是除此之外还有一种独特的责备——认知责备。就认知责备的内涵来看,学界有三种竞争理论。基于情感的认知责备观对于认知责备施加了过强的情感限制;基于关系修正的认知责备观在刻画规范的理想状态时采用的客观性视角限制了理论的解释力;基于“信念—欲望”的认知责备观正确识别出责备产生的统一根源。该理论指出,认知责备来源于认知层面规范性期待的挫败。在该理论的基础上,认知责备背后隐藏着的“真之承诺”这一根基性的态度也得以浮现。认知责备具有独特价值。对于受责者来说,认知责备可以贡献于认知规范的内化,有助于塑造受责者在认知层面的能动性。对于责备者来说,认知责备展现了责备者对真理的看重和捍卫。
In social life,we blame others for various reasons.Apart from moral blame and professional blame,we also blame others for their epistemic failings.With an inquiry into the nature and the significance of epistemic blame,the distinctiveness of epistemic blame is explored.Regarding the nature of epistemic blame,there are three proposals.The emotion-based view poses too strong a constraint on negative affective responses.The relationship-modification view includes the notion of normative ideal.This notion,when understood along an objective way of interpretation,cannot explain many intuitive cases of blame.The‘belief-desire’view correctly identifies the unified source of epistemic blame.On this basis,the hidden‘commitment to truth’that ultimately grounds epistemic blame is exposed.Regarding the significance of epistemic blame,it helps the blamed to cultivate epistemic agency on the one hand,and it reflects how blamer stands up for truth on the other hand.
出处
《哲学分析》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第5期96-108,198,共14页
Philosophical Analysis
基金
2022年度上海市哲学社会科学规划自筹项目“恶习知识论视域下无知研究的‘转型’与‘重塑’”(项目编号:2022ZZX004)阶段性成果。
关键词
认知责备
道德责备
认知规范
认知能动性
无知
epistemic blame
moral blame
epistemic norms
epistemic agency
ignorance
