摘要
近20年来流动人口家庭化迁移趋势逐渐增强,已经取代个体迁移成为我国人口迁移的主要模式。现有研究已关注家庭化迁移对流动人口就业的影响,但大多仅聚焦流动人口就业概率或者工作收入等方面,缺乏对就业质量影响的考察,对家庭化迁移影响就业的机制分析也有待进一步完善。在以人为核心的新型城镇化战略稳步推进的背景下,探究家庭化迁移如何影响流动人口就业质量对于促进流动人口市民化、提升城镇化质量具有重要意义。本文基于2018年中国流动人口动态监测调查(CMDS)数据,从工作收入、工作强度、工作保障、单位性质、就业身份五个维度构建流动人口就业质量综合指数,并采用多元线性回归模型实证检验家庭化迁移对流动人口就业质量的影响及其作用机制、调节因素。研究发现:家庭化迁移对流动人口就业质量具有显著的负面影响,但随着家庭化迁移程度的加深,这种负面影响会逐渐减弱;从就业质量各子指标来看,家庭化迁移虽然提高了流动人口的收入水平,但也显著增加了其劳动强度,降低了其工作保障、单位稳定性与职业层级;异质性分析结果表明家庭化迁移对流动人口就业质量的影响具有明显的性别差异与年龄差异,其对女性、中年流动人口就业质量的负面影响大于男性、青年和中老年流动人口;中介效应结果表明家庭化迁移既因增加流动人口的家庭照料负担和经济负担而降低了其就业质量,也因增强其居留意愿而提高了流动人口的就业质量,但前两条路径的作用力度大于第三条路径;调节效应结果表明家庭化迁移对流动人口就业质量的影响因随迁家庭成员而异,母亲随迁会显著降低家庭化迁移对就业质量的负面冲击,而父亲随迁会加剧这一负面冲击。针对流动人口面临的“团圆”和“乐业”两难抉择,政府应致力于推进公共服务均等化,完善流动人口的就业、生活保障,特别是保障女性流动人口的就业权益,满足流动人口对子女托育、教育、父母养老等需求,促进迁移家庭的社会融入,推动其市民化进程。
In the past twenty years,family migration has increasingly strengthened,replacing individual migration as the main mode of migration in China.Existing research has gradually focused on the impact of family migration on the employment of migrants,but most of them only focus on aspects such as employment probability or income,lacking an examination of the impact on employment quality.The mechanism analysis of the impact of family migration on employment also needs to be further improved.In the background of the steady progress of the new urbanization strategy,exploring how family migration affects the quality of employment of migrants is of great significance for promoting the citizenization of migrants and improving the quality of urbanization.Based on the data from 2018 wave of China Migrants Dynamic Survey,this research constructs a synthesized index of employment quality from five dimensions:income,labor intensity,job security,unit nature,and employment status,and uses the multiple linear regression model to empirically examine the impacts of the family migration on employment quality of migrants and its mechanism and moderating factors.The research has five major findings.First,family migration imposes a significantly negative impact on employment quality of migrants,but such a negative impact attenuates when they migrate with all the family members.Second,from the perspective of sub-indicators of employment quality,although family migration improves the income of migrants,it also significantly increases their labor intensity and reduces their job security,unit stability,and occupational level.Third,heterogeneity analysis results show that family migration has significant gender and age differences in its impact on the employment quality of migrants.The detrimental impacts of family migration on employment quality are more severe for female and middle-aged migrants than those for male,young,and older migrants.Fourth,mediating effect shows that,on the one hand,migrating with family members intensifies the care responsibility and economic burden of migrants,thereby reducing their employment quality.On the other hand,family migration enhances their willingness to stay,leading to improved employment quality.The first two paths are more salient than the third path.Fifth,moderating effect shows that the impact of family migration on the employment quality of migrants varies depending on the family members who move with them.The negative impact of family migration on employment quality is reduced by the presence of mothers,while the presence of fathers exacerbates the negative impact.Our results suggest that migrants struggle to balance family reunion and high quality employment.Therefore,Chinese government should further improve job security and public services for migrants,especially the employment rights of female migrants,and meet their needs for childcare,education,and parental care,to promote social integration of migrating families and realize their full citizenship.
作者
沈可
张国梁
SHEN Ke;ZHANG Guoliang(School of Social Development and Public Policy,Hehai University,Shanghai,200433,China)
出处
《人口学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第4期99-112,共14页
Population Journal
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目:人口老龄化对科技创新的影响机制与战略协同研究(21&ZD189)
国家社会科学基金重点项目:大城市人口多元化进程中外来人口的社会隔离研究(18ARK002)。
