摘要
加拿大通过大规模的能源开发实现了明显的经济增长,而其他大多数能源出口国则陷入了经济增长趋缓、停滞甚至衰退的“能源诅咒”泥淖。本文运用以经济现代化始点为自变量、以产业联盟形态与产权制度类型为中间变量的分析框架,探讨加拿大隔绝“能源诅咒”的原因。由于加拿大属于较早开启经济现代化进程的国家,其各个产业基本以“原生型”模式自主发展,而政府并未大规模推动和干预油气产业的发展。这导致以下结果:一方面,其油气产业联盟与其他产业联盟的实力相对平衡;另一方面,其在油气领域建立了私人产权制度。因此,加拿大油气产业从未缴纳超额的税收和外汇,直接向其他产业提供过度的补贴,影响加拿大选举并与政治家进行利益交换,使加拿大有效阻隔了生成“能源诅咒”的上述三条病理渠道并形成了多元均衡的产业布局。因此,加拿大不仅能够继续推进工业化进程和产业升级,还可以有效缓解能源价格波动的负面效应,最终实现经济持续高质量的增长。
Canada stands out as a notable exception among energy-exporting nations for its ability to foster significant economic growth without succumbing to the“energy curse”—a phenomenon where resource-rich countries experience economic stagnation or decline instead of prosperity.This study examines the mechanisms through which Canada has evaded the energy curse,employing a framework that considers economic modernization as the initial independent variable,and the configuration of industrial alliances and the nature of property rights systems as mediating variables.Canada's early embrace of modernization set the stage for a distinctive development trajectory.The country's industries evolved autonomously following a“natural”model,with the government exercising minimal intervention in the oil and gas sector.This hands-off approach led to a relatively balanced interplay among various industrial alliances and the establishment of a private property rights regime within the energy domain.Consequently,the Canadian oil and gas industry has not been burdened with excessive taxation or foreign exchange obligations.Nor has it been a source of disproportionate subsidies to other sectors or a player in electoral politics and political patronage.This strategic positioning has enabled Canada to circumvent the three typical pathologies associated with the energy curse,fostering a diverse and equitable industrial structure.As a result,Canada has not only maintained its industrialization and industrial progression but has also mitigated the adverse impacts of volatile energy prices,thereby achieving sustained and high-quality economic growth.
作者
宋亦明
陈福临
蒋欣辰
Song Yiming;Chen Fulin;Jiang Xinchen(School of International Relations and Diplomacy,Beijing Foreign Studies University;Institute of International Relations,China Foreign Affairs University;School of International Affairs,Sciences Po Paris)
出处
《区域国别学刊》
2024年第2期132-153,159,160,共24页
COUNTRY AND AREA STUDIES
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(“一带一路”能源基础设施互联互通的政治风险研究,项目批准号:2023ZX026)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(“能源诅咒”的政治起源:经济现代化、产业联盟与产权制度,项目批准号:2022QD041)的阶段性成果。
关键词
能源诅咒
加拿大
经济现代化
产业联盟
产权制度
energy curse
Canada economic modernization
industrial coalitions
property rights system
