摘要
赠与合同以其丰富的现实类型实现了市场交易之外的资源分配,在我国社会生活中具有重要意义。欧陆尤其是德国法传统上的赠与合同规范以有限赠与观为基础,辅之要式行为补强的立场。我国民法典的相关规范并未采取要式、不要式赠与的二分,仅部分继受了上述比较法来源,导致赠与合同拘束力极为薄弱,与赠与的现实价值明显龃龉。对此,应立足于我国本土的报偿赠与观,将报偿作为决定性的主观因素,基于赠与目的塑造我国法上赠与合同拘束力的解释框架,以此作为“第三次分配”的民法表达。民法典第658条中的“道德义务性质的赠与”应作为我国赠与合同的典型情形,赠与合同的普遍拘束力应概括性地承认,仅在报偿目的嗣后落空的场合赋予赠与人解除权,从而形成“诺成+非要式+目的落空的解除”的本土赠与法规范构造。
Donation contracts realize the allocation of resources outside market transactions through their rich realistic types and,as such,are of great significance in the social life in China.The traditional institution of donation in the continental law,especially in the German law,is based on the concept of restricted donation,supplemented by the rules of formal acts.The Chinese Civil Code does not adopt the dichotomy between formal and informal acts of donation,but only partially transplanted the above comparative law sources.As a result,the binding force of the donations is extremely weak,which is obviously contradictory to the realistic value of donations.In this situation,based on the native view of reward gifts of China,the reciprocal factor should be taken as the decisive motive,and the interpretation framework of the binding force of donations should be shaped by focusing on the purpose of donations,which is the civil law expression of"the third distribution".We should regard"gift contracts of the nature of moral obligation"in Article 658 of the Chinese Civil Code as the typical type of donation contracts and generally acknowledge their universal binding force,and give the donor the right to cancel the contract only when the purpose of the donation is defeated,so as to develop a normative structure of"consensual+informal+cancellation based on the frustration of purpose"that reflects the Chinese characteristics and the native view of reward gifts.
出处
《法学研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第5期132-151,共20页
Chinese Journal of Law
基金
国家社科基金项目“民法利息规制的体系整合与辐射效应研究”(21BFX194)
南京大学新时代文科卓越研究计划“中长期研究专项”的阶段性成果。
关键词
赠与合同
报偿赠与
合同目的
解除权
donation contract
reciprocal donation
purpose of contract
right of cancellation
