摘要
后冷战时代对美国单极地位制衡不足的问题引发了学术界对传统均势理论和制衡行为的反思。作为对美国制衡不足这一现象的解释,根据不同的理论视角,文章将现有文献区分为相对实力差距论、安全威胁论、制度和观念作用论、集体行动困境论以及美国反制衡论等学派。其中,学术界对前四个学派的讨论已经相当深入,但关于“美国反制衡”与制衡缺位的内在逻辑的讨论,尚未形成一套较为系统的解释机制。有鉴于此,文章以结构现实主义作为理论基底,试图建构“一霸四强”的分析框架,用以分析美国在后冷战时代对其他几大强权采取的反制衡运作逻辑。文章认为,作为单极体系中的霸权国所具有战略主导性与能动性,美国在与其他四大行为体(欧俄中日)的策略互动中占有先动优势:在霸权国与崛起国相对实力差距较大的情况下,美国能够有效地使用“推卸责任”的策略,使四大次强行为体之间彼此处于“分而治之”的状态,从而有效地防止制衡国家集团的出现,以达到反制衡的战略效果;当霸权国与崛起国相对实力差距缩小时,美国还可以发动先动优势,将制衡压力转移至崛起国,并将“推卸责任”增幅至战略制衡,从而遏制崛起国的强势崛起。
This article categorizes existing explanations for the lack of an adequate balance against American power from different theoretical perspectives as follows:relative power gap theory,security threat theory,functional institutional and value theory,collective action dilemma,and American Counter Balance Theory.Of these,scholars have already conducted fairly deep analyses of four schools of thought,however,a systematic explanation has yet to be developed for the “American Counter Balance” and the internal logic it provides vis-à-vis the inadequate balance theory.With this as a foundation,the article borrows from the structural realism to build an analytical framework for understanding a situation of one hegemonic power and four great states,which can be used to consider America ’ s logic of counter balancing vis-a-vis other major state powers in the post-Cold War Era.The article argues that as part of the strategic leadership and agency that it enjoys as the hegemonic power within a unipolar system,the U.S.has a privileged position with respect to its strategic interactions with the other four major actors (i.e.,the European Union,Russia,China and Japan).Provided that the relative power gap between the hegemonic power and the rising power remains large,the U.S.can effectively employ the“buck-passing” as a means of divided rules towards the four inferior powers.In this way,the U.S.effectively prevents the emergence of a group of states that might balance against its power,and achieves its objective of a strategic counter-balance.When the power gap between the hegemonic power and the rising power is relatively narrowed,America can leverage its “first mover advantage” as a means of transferring the pressure to balance over to the rising power,thereby amplify its “buck-passing” to strategic balance,strengthening the containment on the rising power.
出处
《当代亚太》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第3期47-77,158-159,共32页
Journal of Contemporary Asia-Pacific Studies
关键词
制衡不足
反制衡
制衡转移
“一霸四强”
Inadequate Balance
Counter Balance
Balance Transition
the Hegemon and the Four Great States
