摘要
中国法律规范对夫妻共同债务的规定较为简陋和含混,特别是2004年《婚姻法司法解释(二)》第24条在理论界和实务界引起了巨大争议。2018年1月《夫妻债务解释》的出台进一步明确了夫妻共同债务的认定标准和举证责任分配,一定程度上回应和解决了夫妻共同债务相关规范存在的争议和问题,但《夫妻债务解释》的条款本身仍有商榷空间。中国民法典的编纂是构建夫妻共同债务规则的良好契机,在性质上,从夫妻关系的本质出发,法定夫妻财产制下的夫妻共同债务应界定为共同债务,而非连带债务,由此夫妻双方应当作为一个法律共同体共同承担夫妻共同债务。夫妻共同债务的认定标准和清偿规则应当基于共同债务的属性进行界定。夫妻共同债务的认定标准为夫妻共同举债或一方举债经另一方同意或追认,因夫妻共同生活所负债务,夫妻双方共同生产经营或一方从事生产经营、利益归家庭共享所负债务,取得、管理夫妻共同财产所负债务。夫妻共同债务应当以夫妻共同财产清偿。共同财产不足清偿或财产归各自所有的,由双方协议清偿;协议不成时,由人民法院判决夫妻双方共同清偿。一方清偿超出夫妻双方协议约定或法院判决其应当承担的份额部分,有权向另一方追偿。
The Chinese rules on the joint debts of a couple are simple confusing,especially the Article 24 of the Second Judicial Interpretations of the Marriage Law in 2004,which stimulated debates in both jurisprudence and legal professions. In January 2018 the adoption of the Explanations of Debts of Couples has further clarified the standards to establish a couple＇s joint debts and allocate responsibilities for evidence. At one level,this adoption has responded to the debates and resolved issues related to the joint debts of a couple,though there is still room for debate on certain particular articles. Developing a unified Civil Code in China offers an ideal opportunity to construct rules on couples＇ joint debts. In essence,the shared debts of the husband and the wife should be joint debts and not debts through relationships,and thus the husband and the wife are one unit to together share the debt responsibilities based on the set criteria and settlement rules. These rules can include the identification of a debt together or by one party at a time with the consent of the other party,who subsequently verifies. Because debts are accumulated,when the couple lives together,either by way of the couple jointly working in a business,or through one party engaging in production and bringing home profit and income that is shared with the other party,the responsibilities for the debts should be shared and managed by the couple together. In case of unsettlement of joint debts or assets owned separately,the two parties should pay off debts based on an agreement. When the couple cannot agree between themselves,the People＇s Court can make a ruling for the couple to share the debt responsibilities. If one party has paid more than its share or what the court has decided,it can demand compensation from the other party.
作者
夏江皓
XIA Jiang-hao(Law School,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)
出处
《妇女研究论丛》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第4期55-66,共12页
Journal of Chinese Women＇s Studies
