摘要
一、问题在儿童心理发展过程中推理能力的出现和发展是智力发展的一个重要标志,正确掌握这种能力一般认为是在儿童发展的后期。其实这种从已知推到未知的思维在幼年儿童身上早已出现,只是由于未能摆脱有限的具体感知经验的局限性,因而往往得出一些荒谬可笑的“结论”。例如影片《以革命的名义》中,一名儿童从“生过伤寒病会落发秃顶”推断“这个人(列宁)秃顶一定是生过伤寒病”的结论。类似这种逆向推理的思维过程是往反于单一的联系之间:A(?)B。而客观事物之间的联系却是复杂的,多枝的,A 不仅可以与B 有必然联系。
The purpose of this study is to explorethe developmental characteristics of deductiveseasoning for hypothetical judgement inchildren of school age,and to compare themwith theage levels of syllogism of Categoricaliudgement.Methods:The two common types ofhypothetical judgement in formal logic,thesufficient coditional(p(?)q)and the necessaryconditional(q(?)p),were used as psopositions toconstructfour patterns of reasoning psoblems.And group test was conducted hy paper-and-pencil method.Results,1,The accuracy rate of hypothe-tical reasoning increases along with age,andis accompanied by an acceleration phasebetween the 6th grade of primary school andthe Ist grade of juniormiddle school,2,Gener-ally speaking,primary school children cannotmastrt well the reasoning pattern to make“non affirmative” judgements until after thefirst grade in junior middle school,this isapproximately one year later than their mas-tery of categorical deductive reasoning.3,The age lerels of hypothetical reasoningvary with the degrees of familiarity to chil-dren of the subjects involved in the test.
