摘要
黄土旱塬冬小麦生长所需的水分主要来源于大气降水,分析夏闲期降水对土壤水分的补给对于发展田间水分管理措施和补充灌溉技术具有重要意义。该文利用不同的水肥耦合处理试验,研究了不同水肥耦合处理下夏闲期降水对土壤水分补给量以及对翌年作物耗水量、水分利用效率、产量、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量的影响。结果表明,夏闲期降水量对土壤水分的补给量有极显著的影响(P<0.01);冬小麦生育期不同的水肥耦合处理对夏闲期土壤水分补给有显著的影响(P<0.05)。收获期土壤水分亏缺度在43.68%~52.63%之间时土壤水分的补给系数较高(51.84%~67.42%),且二者存在良好的幂函数关系;翌年冬小麦生育期耗水量的贡献率、水分利用效率、产量、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量均与土壤水分补给系数呈幂函数关系,且在土壤水分补给系数为25%~40%时冬小麦水分利用效率、产量、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量分别达到最大值。研究可为旱塬农田水分管理提供参考。
Due to low rainfall, intense runoff, deep loess deposits, low water tables as well as poor land management, soil is often dry on the Loess Plateau. Precipitation is very important for crops, especially the winter wheat. However, it is unknown about the impacts of rainfall in summer fallow period on soil water replenishment and growth of following crops. To clarify this problem, this study carried out field experiments from 2006 to 2010 in Changwu city of Shanxi province. Winter wheat was Chanhan 58. The field plots were 4 m in width and 4 m in length. 6 irrigation treatments were designed including 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 mm and 6 N fertilization rates were used including 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 kg/hm2. A total of 27 irrigation-fertilizer coupling treatments were designed. Each treatment had 4 replications. Meteorology data were collected from meteorological station 100 m away from the experimental field. Soil water content was measured after harvest and before sowing of winter wheat. Yield and its component of winter wheat were measured. The results showed that the amount of soil water recharge was significantly affected by the precipitation in summer fallow period (P<0.01). Different irrigation and N fertilizer coupling treatments had great effects on the recharge of soil water in summer fallow period of winter wheat (P<0.05). The coefficient of soil water recharge decreased with the increase of fertilizer application rate and then increased and finally decreased under the irrigation treatments of 0, 225, and 375 mm. At same time soil water recharge coefficient for the treatment of N fertilizer application rate of 225 kg/hm2 was highest. In the same way, it presented a decrease-increase-decrease trend when N fertilizer application changed from 0, 150, to 375 kg/hm2, and the soil water recharge coefficient was highest for the irrigation treatment of 225 mm. The deficit of soil water was exponentially related with soil water recharge, and soil water recharge coefficient was best when the water deficit was 43.68%-52.63%. The soil water recharge coefficient and the contribution rate of soil water recharge coefficient to water consumption of winter wheat were in a relationship of power function. The effect of water supplement to soils was best when the coefficient of soil water recharge was 52.2%-62.4%. The power function was also found between the soil water recharge coefficient and indicators such as yield, spikelet number, spike grain number and thousand seed weight of winter wheat in the following year. Different from the positive relationships between the others and the soil water recharge coefficient, a negative correlation was observed between thousand seed weight and the soil water recharge coefficient. As the soil water recharge coefficient ranged from 25% to 40%, the variation of yield, spikelet number, spike grain number and thousand seed weight was minimal, and this was good for use of precipitation during summer fallow period to increase water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat. The results lay the foundation of soil water and agriculture management, and guide farmers to irrigate with high efficiency for high crop yield.
出处
《农业工程学报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第24期82-88,共7页
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(51239009)
陕西省水利专项支撑计划(2012slkj-04
2013slkj-04)
关键词
土壤水分
降水量
肥
冬小麦
补给系数
耗水量
水分利用率
soil moisture
precipitation
fertilizers
winter wheat
recharge coefficient
water consumption
water use efficiency
