摘要
古代纪时法分为等时纪时法和时段纪时法两种,等时纪时法将昼夜均匀划分若干等份,时段纪时法根据日之出入将昼夜分为若干不等时段,可细分为四时制、十时制、十二时制、十六时制、十八时制、二十八时制、三十二时制。十二时制与十六时制是秦汉及以前通行的时段纪时法,先秦时期纪时体系较多,多采用非等时制,模糊概念的纪时名词较多,西汉至东汉是十六时制向十二时制转变的重要时期。《黄帝内经》所采用的时制为十六时制,时序依次为夜半、鸡鸣、大晨、平旦、日出、早食、晏食、日中、日昳、下晡、夕时、日入、黄昏、晏晡、合夜、人定,反映了早期医家依据日常活动、自然现象纪时的特色,但此种十六时制具有一定的主观性,存在地域性、季节性差异,日出日落时间也存在波动。
The ancient timekeeping methods were divided into two types:equal-interval timekeeping and period-based timekeeping.Equal-interval timekeeping evenly divided the day and night into several equal parts,while period-based timekeeping divided the day and night into several unequal periods based on the rising and setting of the sun.It could be further classified into four-period,ten-period,twelve-period,sixteen-period,eighteen-period,twenty-eight-period,and thirty-two-period systems.The twelve-hour and sixteen-hour systems were the prevalent methods of timekeeping in the Qin and Han dynasties and before that period.During the Pre-Qin period,there were many timekeeping systems,most of which were non-equally divided,and there were many timekeeping terms with vague concepts.The period from the Western Han to the Eastern Han was an important time for the transition from the sixteen-hour system to the twelve-hour system.The time system adopted in Huangdi′s Internal Classic is a sixteen-hour system,with the sequence of time periods being midnight,cockcrow,dawn,early morning,sunrise,breakfast time,lunchtime,noon,mid-afternoon,late afternoon,dusk,sunset,twilight,late twilight,late night,and bedtime.This reflects the early physicians′practice of recording time based on daily activities and natural phenomena.However,this sixteen-hour system is somewhat subjective and varies by region and season,with fluctuations in sunrise and sunset times.
作者
刘立伟
范逸品
LIU Liwei;FAN Yipin(School of Basic Medical Sciences,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu,Sichuan,China,610075;Institute of Clinical Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing,China,100700)
出处
《河南中医》
2025年第2期189-193,共5页
Henan Traditional Chinese Medicine
基金
中国中医科学院自主选题项目(Z0756)
王永炎全国名老中医药专家学术经验传承项目(Z0815)。
关键词
时制
时序
等时纪时法
时段纪时法
十六时制
十二时制
《黄帝内经》
timing system
chronological order
equal-interval timekeeping method
period-based timekeeping method
sixteen-hour system
twelve-hour system
Huangdi′s Internal Classic
