摘要
西北屯戍漢簡中大量出現的諸辭書未收的詞“貰賣”和“貰買”,其意義分别爲“賒賣”和“賒買”。二詞見於兩類文書,一類是貰賣文書和貰買文書,另一類是書有“貰賣”或“貰買”的官文書,其中貰賣文書多於貰買文書,説明當時人們在進行這類交易時多寫成貰賣文書。基層軍官文職小吏是此文書的書寫者、保存者。從事貰賣、貰買活動人員的主體是軍隊基層人員和地方基層人員;軍隊人員中,士卒占了絶大部分。貰賣、貰買活動所涉及的交易貨物最多的是禦寒物品。貰賣、貰買活動一開始可能是個人日用品的交易,但後來無疑已發展爲成規模的經商活動,具有經商謀利的性質。貰賣、貰買商品的最終流向是當地,供當地人使用消費。貰賣、貰買活動的時間,當在昭、宣帝至成帝的西漢中後期,時段爲60年左右。官方在貰賣、貰買活動前期的十多年是允許其存在的,但後來轉而禁止。貰賣、貰買這一貿易活動是絲綢之路多種多樣貿易活動中的一種形式,在助推絲綢之路的商業繁榮方面具有積極的影響,但不能高估其影響。總之,西北屯戍漢簡中的“貰賣”和“貰買”及其相關信息,頗具史學價值,具有重要的研究意義。
Shimai(貰賣)and Shimai(貰買),frequently appearing in the Han bamboo slips of the northwestern garrison,but not included in a dictionary,mean selling and buying on credit respectively.They were found in two types of documents:one is the document of credit sale and purchase,the other is the official document with shimai(貰賣)or shimai(貰買)written on it.There are more documents of credit sale than those of credit purchase,which indicates that people at that time used to write credit sale documents when they carried out such transactions.Grassroots officers and nonmilitary clerks were the writers and preservers of these documents.People engaged in credit sale and purchase were mainly the military and local personnel at the basic level.Among the military personnel,soldiers accounted for the majority.The most traded goods involved in credit sale and purchase are cold-proof items.Credit sale and purchase may have been transactions of personal daily necessities at the beginning,but they have undoubtedly developed into large-scale commercial activities,in the nature of business for profit.The goods of credit sale and purchase was ultimately circulated to the local market for local people to use and consume.Credit sale and purchase took place in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty from Emperor Zhao and Emperor Xuan to Emperor Cheng,lasting about 60 years.In the first decade or so,credit sale and purchase were allowed by the government,but later were prohibited in turn.Credit sale and purchase were among the forms of various trade activities on the Silk Road,which have a positive impact on boosting the commercial prosperity of the Silk Road,but its impact should not be overestimated.In a word,credit sale and purchase and their related information in the Han bamboo slips of the northwestern garrison are of great historical value and research significance.
作者
張顯成
路煒
Zhang Xiancheng;Lu Wei
基金
教育部人文社會科學研究青年基金西部和邊疆地區項目“秦簡法律文獻語義詞典編纂和相關研究”(22XJC740003)
國家社會科學基金重大項目“出土先秦秦漢醫藥文獻與文物綜合研究”(19ZDA195)階段性成果。
关键词
西北屯戍漢簡
貰賣
貰買
綜合研究
Han bamboo slips of the northwestern garrison
Credit sale
Credit purchase
Comprehensive study
