摘要
镍钴锂资源提取作为新能源汽车产业链开端环节,决定着其发展命脉。然而我国镍、钴原生矿产资源严重匮乏,且随着硫化镍矿日趋枯竭,国外红土镍矿已成为镍钴主要提取原料。火法高冰镍及湿法高压酸浸作为目前红土镍矿生产电池级硫酸镍的两大主流工艺,各有利弊,两大工艺的并行发展能够为硫酸镍的供应增加更多确定性,进而满足新能源领域对镍钴的庞大需求。我国锂资源丰富但赋存状态不佳,80%锂赋存于盐湖卤水中,长期依赖进口锂矿石。现行盐湖提锂技术中,纳滤法、反渗透、电渗析及吸附法等技术集成耦合所形成的新型提锂工艺,已被多个盐湖的产业化验证,具有广阔的推广应用前景。此外,新型协萃体系TBP/P507-FeCl_(3)的研发,基本解决了原萃取体系存在的问题,有望产业化推广应用。新能源汽车行业的蓬勃发展导致退役电池量呈指数上升,再生金属有望成为原矿金属资源的重要补充,但由于锂电正极材料种类繁多,目前回收系统并不完善。在正极材料的深度回收和处理过程中,浸出体系多采用酸碱体系,易造成二次污染。因此,应进一步研发新型浸出体系,以找到一种温和实用的浸出方法。综上,能源金属提取应以产品为导向,构建从资源到材料到电池应用及回收全生命周期技术体系,以先进技术控制紧缺资源,保障我国新能源行业可持续发展。
As the beginning of the new energy vehicle industry chain,nickel,cobalt,and lithium resource extraction determines its development lifeline.However,the primary mineral resources of nickel and cobalt in China are seriously lacking,and with the exhaustion of nickel sulfide ore,fo-reign laterite nickel ore has become the main raw material for nickel and cobalt extraction.At present,reduction sulfidation smelting and high-pressure acid leaching are the two main processes for producing battery grade nickel sulfate from laterite nickel ore.They have their own advantages and disadvantages.However,the parallel development of the two processes can increase the certainty of nickel sulfate supply and meet the huge demand for nickel and cobalt in the new energy field.Lithium resources are rich,but the endowment is not good,80%lithium occurs in salt lake brine,and there is a long-term dependence on imported lithium ore.Among the existing lithium extraction technologies from salt lakes,the new lithium extraction process formed by the integration and coupling of nanofiltration,reverse osmosis,electrodialysis and adsorption has been verified by industrialization in several salt lakes and has broad prospects for popularization and application.In addition,the research and development of the new synergistic extraction system(TBP/P507-FeCl_(3))has basically solved the problems existing in the original extraction system,which is expected to be industrialized and applied.The rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry has led to an exponential increase in the output of retired batteries,and recycled metals are expected to become an important supplement to raw ore metal resources.However,due to a wide variety of lithium cathode materials,the current recovery system is not perfect.In the process of deep recovery and treatment of cathode materials,an acid-base system is used in the leaching system,which is easily causes secondary pollution.Therefore,a new leaching system should be further developed to find a mild and practical leaching method.In summary,energy metal extraction should be oriented by products,and the whole life cycle technology system from resources to materials to battery application and recycling should be constructed.The resources in short supply should be controlled by advanced technology,and the sustainable development of our new energy industry should be guaranteed.
作者
董波
田庆华
许志鹏
李栋
王青骜
郭学益
DONG Bo;TIAN Qinghua;XU Zhipeng;LI Dong;WANG Qing’ao;GUO Xueyi(School of Metallurgy and Environment,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China;Research Institute of Resource Recycling,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China)
出处
《材料导报》
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第22期123-137,共15页
Materials Reports
基金
国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1907402,2018YFC1902501)
国家自然科学基金(52074363,52104355,51922108,U20A20273)。
关键词
新能源
镍
钴
锂
清洁提取
new energy
nickel
cobalt
lithium
clean extraction
