摘要
在对赣闽粤边客家核心地区民居类型进行全域调查和整合归纳的基础上,定位客家围屋在客家民居类型体系中的层级关系及其原型基础,归纳客家围屋的共性特征和类型分化,并分析不同围屋类型在赣闽粤边客家地区的地理空间分布规律;通过对围屋分布地区历史社会环境的梳理,剖析围屋产生的动力机制是边区历史动乱环境中的防御需求与客家民系家族发展历程中的聚居需求的加合;进一步地,通过分析各类围屋与客家基础民居类型的关系,以及梳理围屋分布区中赣粤交界带和闽粤交界带两个区带中的围屋形态源流,推论客家围屋类型分异的基本逻辑是源自各地基础民居类型的差异,在沿用当地底层民居文化的基础上通过增强防御性发展而来;而“闽粤交界带”中的圆形围楼应是在方形围楼基础上的一种形态突变,其线索可能追溯到沿海的海防元素,而其存留并蓬勃发展则有赖于这种形态与闽西南山区条件和社会需求的强适应性。
This study examines the hierarchical relationship and prototype foundation of Hakka-enclosed buildings in the Hakka dwelling type system based on a review and integration of Hakka dwellings on the border of Jiangxi,Fujian and Guangdong involving plane composition logic.The typical characteristics of Hakka-enclosed buildings are summarized.Considering the uniform classification standards,five subtypes of Hakka enclosed buildingsare identified,according to main differences in plane structural characteristics:the circular type,row type,hall type,round-dragon type and special-shaped type.The geographical spatial distribution laws of the above five types in the study area are also statistically analyzed.Hakka-enclosed buildingsare predominantly concentratedsouth of the study area,especially in the critical border between Jiangxi and Guangdong in the Nanling area.However,no distribution of Hakka-enclosed buildings was identified in the Xingmei Plain,east of Guangdong,resulting in clusters in both the east and west.The Hakka-enclosed buildings in the"Jiangxi-Guangdong border zone"in the west are fundamentally square,including hall type,row type,round-dragon type,special-shaped and a small number of circular types.Mostare built with bricks and stones,or"gold-wrapped silver"brick-soil(cement)mixed materials.Ethnic folks are relatively prominent in the spreading distribution.The circular type with square and round shapes dominates in the"Fujian-Guangdong border zone"in the east.These buildings were constructed with rammed raw soils,and their distributions are mainly determined by geographical factors rather than limited toethnic factors.A review of the historical and social environments in distribution areas of Hakka-enclosed buildings concludes that Hakka-enclosed buildings are formed as a result of collaborative defence needs during historically turbulent environments in the border areas andthe evolving settlement needs of Hakka families.The origin and development of Hakka-enclosed building types in the"Jiangxi-Guangdong border zone"and"Fujian-Guangdong border zone"are summarized by analyzing the correlations between different types of enclosed buildings and Hakka basic dwelling types.The fundamental classification logic of Hakka enclosed buildings isattributed to regional differences in basic dwelling types.There areno essential spreading and origin-development relations between these two border zones,with Hakka-enclosed buildings observing hierarchical logics of dwelling-type systems.They developto strengthen the defence performances based on the local dwelling culturesatthe grass-roots.The round shape of enclosed buildings in the"Fujian-Guangdong border zone"is a morphological mutation based on the square structure,which may be traced back to coastal defence elements.The preservation and prosperous development of round-shaped enclosed buildings depend on their strong adaptation to terrain conditions and social needs within the southwest mountain areas of Fujian.Overall,the diversified morphologies of Hakka-enclosed buildings demonstrate that enclosed buildings'prominent surface defensive characteristics can be attributed to unique historical environments.An internal spatial structural basis guides the inherent dwelling culture in the region.Adaptation to regional geographical and social environments within a certain period based on dwelling shapes is the fundamental motivation to preserve and develop enclosed buildings as a particular dwelling type.
作者
卓晓岚
肖大威
陶金
ZHUO Xiaolan;XIAO Dawei;TAO Jin
出处
《南方建筑》
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第12期64-71,共8页
South Architecture
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878283):边界之角色:传统村落空间形态分异与演化的区域理论和模型
广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目(2021B1515020013):传统村落与民居活态化保护利用研究
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51778232):基于文化地理学的赣闽粤地区客家传统村落及其民居演变理论研究。
关键词
客家围屋
类型体系
形态分异
地理空间分布
源流
Hakka-enclosed buildings
type hierarchy
morphological differentiation
geographic spatial distribution
origin and development
