Some approaches to measure parallel 6-degree of freedom platform's posturestatically and to calibrate the platform's actual structural parameters by measuring a series of theplatform's varying postures are...Some approaches to measure parallel 6-degree of freedom platform's posturestatically and to calibrate the platform's actual structural parameters by measuring a series of theplatform's varying postures are studied. In the case where high posture accuracy is requiredrelatively, to obtain the platform's actual structural parameters is very important. Threedimensions measurement with 2 theodolites are used to obtain the platform's postures statically andNewton iterative method is adopted to calibrate structural parameters. Some measures taken in themeasurement and the calibration are discussed in detail. And the experiment results of theplatform's posture control before and after the calibration are given. The results show that theplatform's posture control accuracy after the calibration is improved notably.展开更多
The differential evolution(DE)algorithm was deployed to calibrate microparameters of the DEM cohesive granular material.4 macroparameters,namely,uniaxial compressive strength,direct tensile strength,Young’s modulus a...The differential evolution(DE)algorithm was deployed to calibrate microparameters of the DEM cohesive granular material.4 macroparameters,namely,uniaxial compressive strength,direct tensile strength,Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio,can be calibrated to high accuracy.The best calibration accuracy could reach the sum of relative errors RE_(sum)<0.1%.Most calibrations can be achieved with RE_(sum)<5%within hours or RE_(sum)<1%within 2 days.Based on the calibrated results,microparameters uniqueness analysis was carried out to reveal the correlation between microparameters and the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of material:(1)microparameters effective modulus,tensile strength and normal-to-shear stiffness ratio control the elastic behaviour and stable crack growth,(2)microparameters cohesion and friction angles present a negative linear correlation that controls the axial strain and lateral strain prior to the peak stress,and(3)microparameters friction coefficient controls shear crack friction and slip mainly refers to the unstable crack behaviour.Consideration of more macroparameters to regulate the material mechanical behaviour that is dominated by shear crack and slip motion is highlighted for future study.The DE calibration method is expected to serve as an alternative method to calibrate the DEM cohesive granular material to its peak strength.展开更多
The efficiency and precision of parameter calibration in discrete element method （DEM） are not satisfactory, and parameter calibration for granular heat transfer is rarely involved. Accordingly, parameter calibratio...The efficiency and precision of parameter calibration in discrete element method （DEM） are not satisfactory, and parameter calibration for granular heat transfer is rarely involved. Accordingly, parameter calibration for granular heat transfer with the DEM is studied. The heat transfer in granular assemblies is simulated with DEM, and the effective thermal conductivity （ETC） of these granular assemblies is measured with the transient method in simulations. The measurement testbed is designed to test the ETC of the granular assemblies under normal pressure and a vacuum based on the steady method. Central composite design （CCD） is used to simulate the impact of the DEM parameters on the ETC of granular assemblies, and the heat transfer parameters are calibrated and compared with experimental data. The results show that, within the scope of the considered parameters, the ETC of the granular assemblies increases with an increasing particle thermal conductivity and decreases with an increasing particle shear modulus and particle diameter. The particle thermal conductivity has the greatest impact on the ETC of granular assemblies followed by the particle shear modulus and then the particle diameter. The calibration results show good agreement with the experimental results. The error is less than 4%, which is within a reasonable range for the scope of the CCD parameters. The proposed research provides high efficiency and high accuracy parameter calibration for granular heat transfer in DEM.展开更多
The tensile-shear interactive damage(TSID)model is a novel and powerful constitutive model for rock-like materials.This study proposes a methodology to calibrate the TSID model parameters to simulate sandstone.The bas...The tensile-shear interactive damage(TSID)model is a novel and powerful constitutive model for rock-like materials.This study proposes a methodology to calibrate the TSID model parameters to simulate sandstone.The basic parameters of sandstone are determined through a series of static and dynamic tests,including uniaxial compression,Brazilian disc,triaxial compression under varying confining pressures,hydrostatic compression,and dynamic compression and tensile tests with a split Hopkinson pressure bar.Based on the sandstone test results from this study and previous research,a step-by-step procedure for parameter calibration is outlined,which accounts for the categories of the strength surface,equation of state(EOS),strain rate effect,and damage.The calibrated parameters are verified through numerical tests that correspond to the experimental loading conditions.Consistency between numerical results and experimental data indicates the precision and reliability of the calibrated parameters.The methodology presented in this study is scientifically sound,straightforward,and essential for improving the TSID model.Furthermore,it has the potential to contribute to other rock constitutive models,particularly new user-defined models.展开更多
Since its introduction,discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)has been widely used in different areas of rock mechanics.By dividing large blocks into subblocks and introducing artificial joints,DDA can be applied to r...Since its introduction,discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)has been widely used in different areas of rock mechanics.By dividing large blocks into subblocks and introducing artificial joints,DDA can be applied to rock fracture simulation.However,parameter calibration,a fundamental issue in discontinuum methods,has not received enough attention in DDA.In this study,the parameter calibration of DDA for intact rock is carefully studied.To this end,a subblock DDA with Voronoi tessellation is presented first.Then,a modified contact constitutive law is introduced,in which the tensile and shear meso-strengths are modified to be independent of the bond lengths.This improvement can prevent the unjustified preferential failure of short edges.A method for imposing confining pressure is also introduced.Thereafter,sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the influence of the calculated parameters and meso-parameters on the mechanical properties of modeled rock.Based on the sensitivity analysis,a unified calibration procedure is suggested for both cases with and without confining pressure.Finally,the calibration procedure is applied to two examples,including a biaxial compression test.The results show that the proposed Voronoi-based DDA can simulate rock fracture with and without confining pressure very well after careful parameter calibration.展开更多
For the challenge of parameter calibration in the process of SWMM(storm water management model)model application,we use particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Sequence Quadratic Programming(SQP)in combination to calibrat...For the challenge of parameter calibration in the process of SWMM(storm water management model)model application,we use particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Sequence Quadratic Programming(SQP)in combination to calibrate the parameters and get the optimal parameter combination in this research.Then,we compare and analyze the simulation result with the other two respectively using initial parameters and parameters obtained by PSO algorithm calibration alone.The result shows that the calibration result of PSO-SQP combined algorithm has the highest accuracy and shows highly consistent with the actual situation,which provides a scientific and effective new idea for parameter calibration of SWMM model,moreover,has practical guidance for flood control and disaster mitigation.展开更多
Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)is one of the four major oil crops in the world and has high economic value.However,the lack of discrete element method(DEM)models and parameters for sunflower seeds hinders the applicat...Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)is one of the four major oil crops in the world and has high economic value.However,the lack of discrete element method(DEM)models and parameters for sunflower seeds hinders the application of DEM for computer simulation in the key working processes of sunflower seed sowing and harvesting.The present study was conducted on two varieties of sunflower,and the DEM model of sunflower seeds was established by using 3D scanning technology based on the distribution of triaxial dimensions and volumes of the geometric model of sunflower seeds.Similarly,the physical characteristics parameters of sunflower seeds were determined by physical tests and the simulation parameters were screened for significance based on the Plackett-Burman test.Our results show that the coefficient of static friction between sunflower seeds and the coefficient of rolling friction have significant effects on the repose angle of the simulation test.Furthermore,the optimal range of the significance parameters was further determined by the steepest climb test,and the second-order regression model of the significance parameters and the repose angle was obtained according to the Box-Behnken design test and Response Surface Methodology(RSM),with the repose angle measured by the physical test as the optimized target value to obtain the optimal parameter combination.Finally,a two-sample t-test for the repose angle of the physical test and the repose angle of the simulation test yielded P>0.05.Our results confirms that the repose angle obtained from simulation is not significantly different from the physical test value,and the relative errors between the repose angle of the simulation test and the physical test are 1.43%and 0.40%,respectively,for the optimal combination of parameters.Based on these results it can be concluded that the optimal parameters obtained from the calibration can be used for DEM simulation experiments related to the sunflower seed sowing and harvesting process.展开更多
Existing discrete element method-based simulation analysis of Panax notoginseng root soil separation still has the challenge to get the accurate and reliable basic parameters,which are necessary for discrete element s...Existing discrete element method-based simulation analysis of Panax notoginseng root soil separation still has the challenge to get the accurate and reliable basic parameters,which are necessary for discrete element simulation.In this paper,the P.notoginseng roots suitable for harvesting period were taken as the experimental object.Then using 3D scanning reverse modeling technology and EDEM software to establish the discrete element model of P.notoginseng,based on which,the physical and virtual tests were carried out to calibrate the simulation parameters.First,the basic physical parameters(density,triaxial geometric size,moisture content,shear modulus,and elastic modulus)and contact coefficients(static friction coefficient,rolling friction coefficient,and crash recovery coefficient between P.notoginseng roots and 65Mn steel)were measured by physical tests.Furthermore,treating the contact coefficients of P.notoginseng roots as the influence factor,the steepest uphill test,and four factors combing five levels of rotational virtual simulation are conducted.The measured relative error accumulation angle and simulation accumulation angle are set as the performance indices.The results show that the static friction coefficient,rolling friction coefficient,crash recovery coefficient,and surface energy coefficient of P.notoginseng roots are 0.55,0.35,0.16,and 19.5 J/m2,respectively.Using calibration results as parameters of the vibration separation simulation test of P.notoginseng soil,the Box-Behnken vibration separation simulation tests were carried out,in which the vibration frequency,inclination angle,and vibration amplitude of separation device as factors,screening rate and damage rate of P.notoginseng soil complex are regarded as indices.The results show that the optimal operating parameters of the separation device are the vibration frequency of 10 Hz,the inclination angle of 5°,and the amplitude of 6 cm.Based on the optimal operation parameters,the discrete element simulation experiment and field experiment of P.notoginseng roots soil separation are also performed to compare the soil three-dimensional trajectory space coordinates of P.notoginseng roots.From the results,three axis coordinate error is less than 15%.This proves that the calibration results are reliable.It can also provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the further study of the P.notoginseng root soil separation platform.展开更多
The relationship between the parameters of the bonded-particle model and the macroscopic properties of oilseed rape shoot stalk provides valuable insights into the interaction between the stalks and harvesting machine...The relationship between the parameters of the bonded-particle model and the macroscopic properties of oilseed rape shoot stalk provides valuable insights into the interaction between the stalks and harvesting machinery.In this study,a discrete element model of oilseed rape shoot stalk was constructed using a method that combined ordered and bimodal distribution filling.The model’s six contact and five bonding parameters were calibrated based on physical and simulated diametral compression tests.The Plackett-Burman design was employed to screen the effects of the parameters on the rupture force.The range of significant parameters was determined using the steepest ascent test.Furthermore,by calculating the second-order regression model and analyzing the significance of parameter combination using the central composite design method,the optimal parameter combination was identified,including a bonded disk radius of 0.78 mm,a normal stiffness per unit area of 4.61×10^(7) Pa,a shear stiffness per unit area of 5.21×10^(7) Pa,and a coefficient of static friction between particles of oilseed rape shoot stalk of 0.47.The simulated rupture force(58.80 N)differed by 6.5%from the average value of the physical test(62.92 N),and the deformation of the compression process was consistent.The results demonstrate that the model effectively reflects the mechanical failure properties of oilseed rape shoot stalk during the diametral compression,providing a reference for modeling other crop stalks and aiding in the study of interactions between clamping-transporting devices and stalks during harvesting.展开更多
Due to the different microstructures caused by the heat source effect,welding joints exhibit significant differences in mechanical properties compared to the base material.Precise characterization of the constitutive ...Due to the different microstructures caused by the heat source effect,welding joints exhibit significant differences in mechanical properties compared to the base material.Precise characterization of the constitutive characteristics of the welded joint requires a large number of repetitive experiments,which are costly,inefficient,and have limited accuracy improvements.This paper proposes an integrated experimental-simulation-based inverse calibration method,which establishes a calibration optimization problem based on the corresponding constitutive model and a finite element calculation model built by the distribution of hardness in the weldment.Using the global tensile force-displacement curve of the MIG-welded 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy specimen and the experimental data of local deformation with time change obtained from DIC(Digital Image Correlation),the parameters involved in the constitutive models are optimized accordingly.This method can directly obtain the constitutive characteristics of the weldment under conditions of limited experiments and insufficient data.Additionally,the adaptability of the constitutive model to the calibration method and the influence of optimization results are discussed and analyzed.The results indicate that the global force-displacement response of the non-saturated Ramberg-Osgood(R-O)model is in the best agreement with that of the experimental data,and the energy error is only 2.62%,followed by the MPL model,while the saturation-based Voce model shows the largest simulation error in terms of the presented object.Furthermore,the simulation results of R-O,Voce,and MPL models in the local area are far superior to traditional fitting methods.展开更多
The parameter X of the Muskingum method is a physical parameter that reflects the flood peak attenuation and hydrograph shape flattening of a diffusion wave in motion. In this paper, the historic process that hydrolog...The parameter X of the Muskingum method is a physical parameter that reflects the flood peak attenuation and hydrograph shape flattening of a diffusion wave in motion. In this paper, the historic process that hydrologists have undergone to find a physical explanation of this parameter is briefly discussed. Based on the fact that the Muskingum method is the second-order accuracy difference solution to the diffusion wave equation, its numerical stability condition is analyzed, and a conclusion is drawn： X ≤ 0.5 is the uniform condition satisfying the demands for its physical meaning and numerical stability. It is also pointed out that the methods that regard the sum of squares of differences between the calculated and observed discharges or stages as the objective function and the routing coefficients C0, C1 and C2 of the Muskingum method as the optimization parameters cannot guarantee the physical meaning of X.展开更多
This paper conducts a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy of three-dimensional(3 D)shape measurement based on the triangulation principle,and introduces a flying and precise 3 D shape measurement method based on...This paper conducts a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy of three-dimensional(3 D)shape measurement based on the triangulation principle,and introduces a flying and precise 3 D shape measurement method based on multiple parallel line lasers.Firstly,we establish the measurement model of the multiple parallel line lasers system,and introduce the concept that multiple base planes can help to deduce the unified formula of the measurement system and are used in simplifying the process of the calibration.Then,the constraint of the line spatial frequency,which maximizes the measurement efficiency while ensuring accuracy,is determined according to the height distribution of the object.Secondly,the simulation analyzing the variation of the systemic resolution quantitatively under the circumstance of a set of specific parameters is performed,which provides a fundamental thesis for option of the four system parameters.Thirdly,for the application of the precision measurement in the industrial field,additional profiles are acquired to improve the lateral resolution by applying a motor to scan the 3 D surface.Finally,compared with the line laser,the experimental study shows that the present method of obtaining 41220 points per frame improves the measurement efficiency.Furthermore,the accuracy and the process of the calibration are advanced in comparison with the existing multiple-line laser and the structured light makes an accuracy better than 0.22 mm at a distance of 956.02 mm.展开更多
Due to differences in the properties of composition materials and construction techniques,unreinforced masonry is characterized by low strength,anisotropy,nonuniformity,and low ductility.In order to accurately simulat...Due to differences in the properties of composition materials and construction techniques,unreinforced masonry is characterized by low strength,anisotropy,nonuniformity,and low ductility.In order to accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of unreinforced brick masonry walls under static and dynamic loads,a new elastoplastic damage constitutive model was proposed and the corresponding subroutine was developed based on the concrete material constitutive model.In the proposed constitutive model,the Rankine strength theory and the Drucker-Prager strength theory were used to define the tensile and compressive yield surface function of materials,respectively.Moreover,the stress updating algorithm was modified to consider the tensile plastic permanent deformation of masonry materials.To verify the accuracy of the proposed constitutive model,numerical simulations of the brick masonry under monotonic and cyclic uniaxial tension and compression loads were carried out.Comparisons among the numerical and theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed model can properly reflect the masonry material mechanical properties.Furthermore,the numerical models of four pieces of masonry walls with different mortar strengths were established.Low cyclic loadings were applied and the results show that the proposed constitutive model can properly simulate the wall shear failure characteristics,and the force-displacement hysteretic curves obtained by numerical simulation are in good agreement with the tests.Overall,the proposed elastic-plastic damage constitutive model can simulate the nonlinear behavior of unreinforced brick masonry walls very well,and can be used to predict the structural response of masonry walls.展开更多
This study combined a neural network and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)to calibrate soil parameters.The Monte Carlo parameters were calibrated by generating different numbers of training samples for pressuremeter tests...This study combined a neural network and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)to calibrate soil parameters.The Monte Carlo parameters were calibrated by generating different numbers of training samples for pressuremeter tests and excavations.The results showed that when the number of samples was 25 or 50,the parameter calibration accuracy was very high.However,the improvement in accuracy did not increase significantly with a further increase in the number of samples,but tended to be stable.The number of training samples was set at 50 to strike a balance between the calibration accuracy and efficiency for four parameters.For 25 groups of samples,the calibration results using LHS were better than those using orthogonal sampling.Compared to stochastic optimization algorithms,a neural network combined with LHS could significantly reduce the calibration time.This method was applied to actual foundation pit engineering in China.The results showed that using the proposed calibration method clearly improved the accuracy when predicting the deformation induced by the excavation.展开更多
Changes in the weather will cause variations in the hydrological system.Arid areas,with fragile hydrological systems,are very sensitive to changes in the weather,so the coupling analysis of short-term weather and runo...Changes in the weather will cause variations in the hydrological system.Arid areas,with fragile hydrological systems,are very sensitive to changes in the weather,so the coupling analysis of short-term weather and runoff in arid areas is of great significance.The Daihai Lake is a closed inland lake in an arid area of China.In this paper,Weather Research and Forecasting model mode-Hydrological module(WRF-HYDRO)is used to simulate the coupling of weather and hydrology in the Daihai Lake Basin.Regional optimization of WRF-HYDRO is carried out to determine the optimal parameters.The optimal WRF-HYDRO model is applied to couple the short-term weather and runoff in the Daihai Lake Basin to reproduce several rainstorm and flood events.It is found that runoff infiltration parameter(REFKDT)in WRF-HYDRO is the parameter that has the most severe effect on runoff in the Daihai Lake Basin.WRF-HYDRO can capture the rainstorm moment of the rainstorm events in the Daihai Lake Basin,especially the first rainstorm moment,and its simulation accuracy is good.WRF-HYDRO has a strong ability to capture flood peak,but there is a discrepancy between WRF-HYDRO flood peak and Soil Conservation Service Curve Number(SCS-CN)calculation result at the flood peak moment.The northern part of Zuoyun County should guard against the occurrence of flood disaster in wet season.The coupling of weatherand hydrology can not only make up for the lack of runoff data in arid basins,but also provide a basis for water resources management and disaster prevention and mitigation in the basins.展开更多
[Objective]The study aimed to simulate the production and transportation process of surface runoff,sediment and non-point source pollution in Xincai River basin based on SWAT model.[Method]On the basis of analyzing th...[Objective]The study aimed to simulate the production and transportation process of surface runoff,sediment and non-point source pollution in Xincai River basin based on SWAT model.[Method]On the basis of analyzing the principles of SWAT model,the correlative parameters of runoff,sediment and water quality were calibrated,then the spatial and temporal distribution of runoff,sediment and non-point source pollutants in Xincai River basin were studied by using SWAT model.[Result]The results of calibration and validation showed that SWAT model was reasonable and available,and it can be used to simulate the non-point source pollution of Xincai River basin.The simulation results revealed that the load of sediment and various pollutants was the highest in the rainy year,followed by the normal year,while it was the minimum in the dry year,indicating that the production of sediment and non-point source pollutants was closely related to annual runoff.[Conclusion]The research could provide scientific references for the prevention of non-point source pollution in a basin.展开更多
Understanding the biomechanical properties of safflowers is essential for appropriately designing harvesting machinery and optimizing the harvesting process.Safflower is a flexible crop that lacks a basis for relevant...Understanding the biomechanical properties of safflowers is essential for appropriately designing harvesting machinery and optimizing the harvesting process.Safflower is a flexible crop that lacks a basis for relevant simulation parameters,which causes difficulties in designing harvesting machinery.In this study,a calibration method for safflowers was proposed.First,a discrete element model was established by measuring the intrinsic parameters of a safflower,such as its geometric parameters,density,Poisson’s ratio,and modulus of elasticity.Second,the contact and bonding parameters were calibrated using a combination of physical and simulation tests.In the contact parameter tests,the Hertz-Mindlin(no-slip)model was implemented for the stacking angle tests conducted regarding the safflower filament.A regular two-level factorial design was used to determine the important factors and perform the steepest climb test.Moreover,the Box-Behnken design was adopted to obtain the optimal contact parameters.In the bonding parameter tests,the Hertz-Mindlin model with bonding contact was applied for the safflower shear simulation tests;moreover,the optimum bonding parameters were obtained through the central composite design test.The results demonstrated that the relative errors between the simulated and measured stacking angles and maximum shear were 3.19%and 5.29%,respectively.As a result,the safflower simulation parameters were accurately calibrated,providing a reference for appropriately setting the simulation parameters and designing key mechanical components.展开更多
In order to establish an accurate discrete element model of alfalfa seeds,real physical experiments were combined with simulation experiments,and the contact parameters of alfalfa seeds were calibrated using the repos...In order to establish an accurate discrete element model of alfalfa seeds,real physical experiments were combined with simulation experiments,and the contact parameters of alfalfa seeds were calibrated using the repose angle of alfalfa seeds as the response value.Some intrinsic parameters(thousand grain weight,triaxial size,density)and contact parameters(static friction coefficient,rolling friction coefficient)of alfalfa seeds were obtained through physical experiments,and a spherical particle model was established.Through the Plackett Burman experiment,the static friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds,the rolling friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds,and the static friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds and ABS plastic were determined to have a significant impact on the experiment.The steepest climb test is used to narrow down the selection range of the optimal parameters,and the box Behnken test is used to obtain the quadratic regression equation of the repose angle.The optimal parameter combination was obtained with the objective of minimizing the repose angle error:the static friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds and alfalfa seeds was 0.418,the rolling friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds and alfalfa seeds was 0.086,and the static friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds and ABS plastic was 0.471.The repose angle and mass flow rate experiments show that the model is effective and reliable.展开更多
Discrete element method(DEM)is an effective approach for studying the screening process of flip-flow screens.However,there have been few studies focusing on the thick layer of sticky-wet particles on flip-flow screens...Discrete element method(DEM)is an effective approach for studying the screening process of flip-flow screens.However,there have been few studies focusing on the thick layer of sticky-wet particles on flip-flow screens.To achieve accurate simulations of the thick layer of sticky-wet particles on a flip-flow screen,firstly,the movement law of particle flow was studied,and a multi-regime combination cali-bration method based on characteristics of particle flow regimes was proposed.Based on the Plackett-Burman experiment,the curse of dimensionality caused by multi-state and multi-contact parameters was overcome.Subsequently,the lifting cylinder,rotating drum,and trampoline tests were carried out to obtain macroscopic reference values under various granular flow regimes.The calibration results were then determined using the response surface method and climbing algorithm.Finally,the calibration results were tested at both macroscopic and mesoscopic scales and compared with a commonly used calibration method.The results demonstrate that the calibration method,which considers the multi-state characteristics,improves simulation accuracy by 2%-10%and reduces the simulation error to less than 10%,thus meeting the requirements for engineering optimization of flip-flow screens.展开更多
This study evaluated the application of the European flood forecasting operational real time system （EFFORTS） to the Yellow River. An automatic data pre-processing program was developed to provide real-time hydromet...This study evaluated the application of the European flood forecasting operational real time system （EFFORTS） to the Yellow River. An automatic data pre-processing program was developed to provide real-time hydrometeorological data. Various GIS layers were collected and developed to meet the demands of the distributed hydrological model in the EFFORTS. The model parameters were calibrated and validated based on more than ten years of historical hydrometeorological data from the study area. The San-Hua Basin （from the Sanmenxia Reservoir to the Huayuankou Hydrological Station）, the most geographically important area of the Yellow River, was chosen as the study area. The analysis indicates that the EFFORTS enhances the work efficiency, extends the flood forecasting lead time, and attains an acceptable level of forecasting accuracy in the San-Hua Basin, with a mean deterministic coefficient at Huayuankou Station, the basin outlet, of 0.90 in calibration and 0.96 in validation. The analysis also shows that the ;simulation accuracy is better for the southern part than for the northern part of the San-Hua Basin. This implies that, along with the characteristics of the basin and the mechanisms of runoff generation of the hydrological model, the hydrometeorological data play an important role in simulation of hydrological behavior.展开更多
基金This project is supported by National Defense Science and Technology Multi-vocation Foundation in Advance Research of China(No. 97J465JW0408).
文摘Some approaches to measure parallel 6-degree of freedom platform's posturestatically and to calibrate the platform's actual structural parameters by measuring a series of theplatform's varying postures are studied. In the case where high posture accuracy is requiredrelatively, to obtain the platform's actual structural parameters is very important. Threedimensions measurement with 2 theodolites are used to obtain the platform's postures statically andNewton iterative method is adopted to calibrate structural parameters. Some measures taken in themeasurement and the calibration are discussed in detail. And the experiment results of theplatform's posture control before and after the calibration are given. The results show that theplatform's posture control accuracy after the calibration is improved notably.
文摘The differential evolution(DE)algorithm was deployed to calibrate microparameters of the DEM cohesive granular material.4 macroparameters,namely,uniaxial compressive strength,direct tensile strength,Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio,can be calibrated to high accuracy.The best calibration accuracy could reach the sum of relative errors RE_(sum)<0.1%.Most calibrations can be achieved with RE_(sum)<5%within hours or RE_(sum)<1%within 2 days.Based on the calibrated results,microparameters uniqueness analysis was carried out to reveal the correlation between microparameters and the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of material:(1)microparameters effective modulus,tensile strength and normal-to-shear stiffness ratio control the elastic behaviour and stable crack growth,(2)microparameters cohesion and friction angles present a negative linear correlation that controls the axial strain and lateral strain prior to the peak stress,and(3)microparameters friction coefficient controls shear crack friction and slip mainly refers to the unstable crack behaviour.Consideration of more macroparameters to regulate the material mechanical behaviour that is dominated by shear crack and slip motion is highlighted for future study.The DE calibration method is expected to serve as an alternative method to calibrate the DEM cohesive granular material to its peak strength.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51105092,61403106)International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China(Grant No.2014DFR50250)the 111 Project,China(Grant No.B07018)
文摘The efficiency and precision of parameter calibration in discrete element method （DEM） are not satisfactory, and parameter calibration for granular heat transfer is rarely involved. Accordingly, parameter calibration for granular heat transfer with the DEM is studied. The heat transfer in granular assemblies is simulated with DEM, and the effective thermal conductivity （ETC） of these granular assemblies is measured with the transient method in simulations. The measurement testbed is designed to test the ETC of the granular assemblies under normal pressure and a vacuum based on the steady method. Central composite design （CCD） is used to simulate the impact of the DEM parameters on the ETC of granular assemblies, and the heat transfer parameters are calibrated and compared with experimental data. The results show that, within the scope of the considered parameters, the ETC of the granular assemblies increases with an increasing particle thermal conductivity and decreases with an increasing particle shear modulus and particle diameter. The particle thermal conductivity has the greatest impact on the ETC of granular assemblies followed by the particle shear modulus and then the particle diameter. The calibration results show good agreement with the experimental results. The error is less than 4%, which is within a reasonable range for the scope of the CCD parameters. The proposed research provides high efficiency and high accuracy parameter calibration for granular heat transfer in DEM.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12272247)National Key Project(Grant No.GJXM92579)Major Research and Development Project of Metallurgical Corporation of China Ltd.in the Non-Steel Field(Grant No.2021-5).
文摘The tensile-shear interactive damage(TSID)model is a novel and powerful constitutive model for rock-like materials.This study proposes a methodology to calibrate the TSID model parameters to simulate sandstone.The basic parameters of sandstone are determined through a series of static and dynamic tests,including uniaxial compression,Brazilian disc,triaxial compression under varying confining pressures,hydrostatic compression,and dynamic compression and tensile tests with a split Hopkinson pressure bar.Based on the sandstone test results from this study and previous research,a step-by-step procedure for parameter calibration is outlined,which accounts for the categories of the strength surface,equation of state(EOS),strain rate effect,and damage.The calibrated parameters are verified through numerical tests that correspond to the experimental loading conditions.Consistency between numerical results and experimental data indicates the precision and reliability of the calibrated parameters.The methodology presented in this study is scientifically sound,straightforward,and essential for improving the TSID model.Furthermore,it has the potential to contribute to other rock constitutive models,particularly new user-defined models.
基金The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51879184 and 52079091)for funding this work.
文摘Since its introduction,discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)has been widely used in different areas of rock mechanics.By dividing large blocks into subblocks and introducing artificial joints,DDA can be applied to rock fracture simulation.However,parameter calibration,a fundamental issue in discontinuum methods,has not received enough attention in DDA.In this study,the parameter calibration of DDA for intact rock is carefully studied.To this end,a subblock DDA with Voronoi tessellation is presented first.Then,a modified contact constitutive law is introduced,in which the tensile and shear meso-strengths are modified to be independent of the bond lengths.This improvement can prevent the unjustified preferential failure of short edges.A method for imposing confining pressure is also introduced.Thereafter,sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the influence of the calculated parameters and meso-parameters on the mechanical properties of modeled rock.Based on the sensitivity analysis,a unified calibration procedure is suggested for both cases with and without confining pressure.Finally,the calibration procedure is applied to two examples,including a biaxial compression test.The results show that the proposed Voronoi-based DDA can simulate rock fracture with and without confining pressure very well after careful parameter calibration.
基金We would like to express our acknowledgements to the Fund of postgraduate training and innovation project of Jiangsu Province(NO.SJKY19_0969).
文摘For the challenge of parameter calibration in the process of SWMM(storm water management model)model application,we use particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Sequence Quadratic Programming(SQP)in combination to calibrate the parameters and get the optimal parameter combination in this research.Then,we compare and analyze the simulation result with the other two respectively using initial parameters and parameters obtained by PSO algorithm calibration alone.The result shows that the calibration result of PSO-SQP combined algorithm has the highest accuracy and shows highly consistent with the actual situation,which provides a scientific and effective new idea for parameter calibration of SWMM model,moreover,has practical guidance for flood control and disaster mitigation.
基金funding for this study from Nature Science Foundation of China,Grant No.(51865047).
文摘Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)is one of the four major oil crops in the world and has high economic value.However,the lack of discrete element method(DEM)models and parameters for sunflower seeds hinders the application of DEM for computer simulation in the key working processes of sunflower seed sowing and harvesting.The present study was conducted on two varieties of sunflower,and the DEM model of sunflower seeds was established by using 3D scanning technology based on the distribution of triaxial dimensions and volumes of the geometric model of sunflower seeds.Similarly,the physical characteristics parameters of sunflower seeds were determined by physical tests and the simulation parameters were screened for significance based on the Plackett-Burman test.Our results show that the coefficient of static friction between sunflower seeds and the coefficient of rolling friction have significant effects on the repose angle of the simulation test.Furthermore,the optimal range of the significance parameters was further determined by the steepest climb test,and the second-order regression model of the significance parameters and the repose angle was obtained according to the Box-Behnken design test and Response Surface Methodology(RSM),with the repose angle measured by the physical test as the optimized target value to obtain the optimal parameter combination.Finally,a two-sample t-test for the repose angle of the physical test and the repose angle of the simulation test yielded P>0.05.Our results confirms that the repose angle obtained from simulation is not significantly different from the physical test value,and the relative errors between the repose angle of the simulation test and the physical test are 1.43%and 0.40%,respectively,for the optimal combination of parameters.Based on these results it can be concluded that the optimal parameters obtained from the calibration can be used for DEM simulation experiments related to the sunflower seed sowing and harvesting process.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD2002004),Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(Grant No.202401CF070144)“Xingdian Talent Support Program”Youth Talent Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.KKXX202423055).
文摘Existing discrete element method-based simulation analysis of Panax notoginseng root soil separation still has the challenge to get the accurate and reliable basic parameters,which are necessary for discrete element simulation.In this paper,the P.notoginseng roots suitable for harvesting period were taken as the experimental object.Then using 3D scanning reverse modeling technology and EDEM software to establish the discrete element model of P.notoginseng,based on which,the physical and virtual tests were carried out to calibrate the simulation parameters.First,the basic physical parameters(density,triaxial geometric size,moisture content,shear modulus,and elastic modulus)and contact coefficients(static friction coefficient,rolling friction coefficient,and crash recovery coefficient between P.notoginseng roots and 65Mn steel)were measured by physical tests.Furthermore,treating the contact coefficients of P.notoginseng roots as the influence factor,the steepest uphill test,and four factors combing five levels of rotational virtual simulation are conducted.The measured relative error accumulation angle and simulation accumulation angle are set as the performance indices.The results show that the static friction coefficient,rolling friction coefficient,crash recovery coefficient,and surface energy coefficient of P.notoginseng roots are 0.55,0.35,0.16,and 19.5 J/m2,respectively.Using calibration results as parameters of the vibration separation simulation test of P.notoginseng soil,the Box-Behnken vibration separation simulation tests were carried out,in which the vibration frequency,inclination angle,and vibration amplitude of separation device as factors,screening rate and damage rate of P.notoginseng soil complex are regarded as indices.The results show that the optimal operating parameters of the separation device are the vibration frequency of 10 Hz,the inclination angle of 5°,and the amplitude of 6 cm.Based on the optimal operation parameters,the discrete element simulation experiment and field experiment of P.notoginseng roots soil separation are also performed to compare the soil three-dimensional trajectory space coordinates of P.notoginseng roots.From the results,three axis coordinate error is less than 15%.This proves that the calibration results are reliable.It can also provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the further study of the P.notoginseng root soil separation platform.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52205270 and No.52075210)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2023AFB852)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2662023GXQD002)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Grant No.CARS-12).
文摘The relationship between the parameters of the bonded-particle model and the macroscopic properties of oilseed rape shoot stalk provides valuable insights into the interaction between the stalks and harvesting machinery.In this study,a discrete element model of oilseed rape shoot stalk was constructed using a method that combined ordered and bimodal distribution filling.The model’s six contact and five bonding parameters were calibrated based on physical and simulated diametral compression tests.The Plackett-Burman design was employed to screen the effects of the parameters on the rupture force.The range of significant parameters was determined using the steepest ascent test.Furthermore,by calculating the second-order regression model and analyzing the significance of parameter combination using the central composite design method,the optimal parameter combination was identified,including a bonded disk radius of 0.78 mm,a normal stiffness per unit area of 4.61×10^(7) Pa,a shear stiffness per unit area of 5.21×10^(7) Pa,and a coefficient of static friction between particles of oilseed rape shoot stalk of 0.47.The simulated rupture force(58.80 N)differed by 6.5%from the average value of the physical test(62.92 N),and the deformation of the compression process was consistent.The results demonstrate that the model effectively reflects the mechanical failure properties of oilseed rape shoot stalk during the diametral compression,providing a reference for modeling other crop stalks and aiding in the study of interactions between clamping-transporting devices and stalks during harvesting.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52202431,52172353)Talent Fund of Beijing Jiaotong University of China(Grant No.2024XKRC044).
文摘Due to the different microstructures caused by the heat source effect,welding joints exhibit significant differences in mechanical properties compared to the base material.Precise characterization of the constitutive characteristics of the welded joint requires a large number of repetitive experiments,which are costly,inefficient,and have limited accuracy improvements.This paper proposes an integrated experimental-simulation-based inverse calibration method,which establishes a calibration optimization problem based on the corresponding constitutive model and a finite element calculation model built by the distribution of hardness in the weldment.Using the global tensile force-displacement curve of the MIG-welded 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy specimen and the experimental data of local deformation with time change obtained from DIC(Digital Image Correlation),the parameters involved in the constitutive models are optimized accordingly.This method can directly obtain the constitutive characteristics of the weldment under conditions of limited experiments and insufficient data.Additionally,the adaptability of the constitutive model to the calibration method and the influence of optimization results are discussed and analyzed.The results indicate that the global force-displacement response of the non-saturated Ramberg-Osgood(R-O)model is in the best agreement with that of the experimental data,and the energy error is only 2.62%,followed by the MPL model,while the saturation-based Voce model shows the largest simulation error in terms of the presented object.Furthermore,the simulation results of R-O,Voce,and MPL models in the local area are far superior to traditional fitting methods.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Basic Research Grant of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2007FY140900)the Public Welfare Industry Special Fund Project of the Ministry of Water Resources of China (Grant No. 200801033)
文摘The parameter X of the Muskingum method is a physical parameter that reflects the flood peak attenuation and hydrograph shape flattening of a diffusion wave in motion. In this paper, the historic process that hydrologists have undergone to find a physical explanation of this parameter is briefly discussed. Based on the fact that the Muskingum method is the second-order accuracy difference solution to the diffusion wave equation, its numerical stability condition is analyzed, and a conclusion is drawn： X ≤ 0.5 is the uniform condition satisfying the demands for its physical meaning and numerical stability. It is also pointed out that the methods that regard the sum of squares of differences between the calculated and observed discharges or stages as the objective function and the routing coefficients C0, C1 and C2 of the Muskingum method as the optimization parameters cannot guarantee the physical meaning of X.
文摘This paper conducts a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy of three-dimensional(3 D)shape measurement based on the triangulation principle,and introduces a flying and precise 3 D shape measurement method based on multiple parallel line lasers.Firstly,we establish the measurement model of the multiple parallel line lasers system,and introduce the concept that multiple base planes can help to deduce the unified formula of the measurement system and are used in simplifying the process of the calibration.Then,the constraint of the line spatial frequency,which maximizes the measurement efficiency while ensuring accuracy,is determined according to the height distribution of the object.Secondly,the simulation analyzing the variation of the systemic resolution quantitatively under the circumstance of a set of specific parameters is performed,which provides a fundamental thesis for option of the four system parameters.Thirdly,for the application of the precision measurement in the industrial field,additional profiles are acquired to improve the lateral resolution by applying a motor to scan the 3 D surface.Finally,compared with the line laser,the experimental study shows that the present method of obtaining 41220 points per frame improves the measurement efficiency.Furthermore,the accuracy and the process of the calibration are advanced in comparison with the existing multiple-line laser and the structured light makes an accuracy better than 0.22 mm at a distance of 956.02 mm.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos.2018YFC1504400 and 2019YFC1509301Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52078471Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration under Grant No.2019EEEVL0402。
文摘Due to differences in the properties of composition materials and construction techniques,unreinforced masonry is characterized by low strength,anisotropy,nonuniformity,and low ductility.In order to accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of unreinforced brick masonry walls under static and dynamic loads,a new elastoplastic damage constitutive model was proposed and the corresponding subroutine was developed based on the concrete material constitutive model.In the proposed constitutive model,the Rankine strength theory and the Drucker-Prager strength theory were used to define the tensile and compressive yield surface function of materials,respectively.Moreover,the stress updating algorithm was modified to consider the tensile plastic permanent deformation of masonry materials.To verify the accuracy of the proposed constitutive model,numerical simulations of the brick masonry under monotonic and cyclic uniaxial tension and compression loads were carried out.Comparisons among the numerical and theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed model can properly reflect the masonry material mechanical properties.Furthermore,the numerical models of four pieces of masonry walls with different mortar strengths were established.Low cyclic loadings were applied and the results show that the proposed constitutive model can properly simulate the wall shear failure characteristics,and the force-displacement hysteretic curves obtained by numerical simulation are in good agreement with the tests.Overall,the proposed elastic-plastic damage constitutive model can simulate the nonlinear behavior of unreinforced brick masonry walls very well,and can be used to predict the structural response of masonry walls.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee Rising-Star Program(19QC1400500)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41877252).
文摘This study combined a neural network and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)to calibrate soil parameters.The Monte Carlo parameters were calibrated by generating different numbers of training samples for pressuremeter tests and excavations.The results showed that when the number of samples was 25 or 50,the parameter calibration accuracy was very high.However,the improvement in accuracy did not increase significantly with a further increase in the number of samples,but tended to be stable.The number of training samples was set at 50 to strike a balance between the calibration accuracy and efficiency for four parameters.For 25 groups of samples,the calibration results using LHS were better than those using orthogonal sampling.Compared to stochastic optimization algorithms,a neural network combined with LHS could significantly reduce the calibration time.This method was applied to actual foundation pit engineering in China.The results showed that using the proposed calibration method clearly improved the accuracy when predicting the deformation induced by the excavation.
基金This project is supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(ZDZX2018054)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42067013).
文摘Changes in the weather will cause variations in the hydrological system.Arid areas,with fragile hydrological systems,are very sensitive to changes in the weather,so the coupling analysis of short-term weather and runoff in arid areas is of great significance.The Daihai Lake is a closed inland lake in an arid area of China.In this paper,Weather Research and Forecasting model mode-Hydrological module(WRF-HYDRO)is used to simulate the coupling of weather and hydrology in the Daihai Lake Basin.Regional optimization of WRF-HYDRO is carried out to determine the optimal parameters.The optimal WRF-HYDRO model is applied to couple the short-term weather and runoff in the Daihai Lake Basin to reproduce several rainstorm and flood events.It is found that runoff infiltration parameter(REFKDT)in WRF-HYDRO is the parameter that has the most severe effect on runoff in the Daihai Lake Basin.WRF-HYDRO can capture the rainstorm moment of the rainstorm events in the Daihai Lake Basin,especially the first rainstorm moment,and its simulation accuracy is good.WRF-HYDRO has a strong ability to capture flood peak,but there is a discrepancy between WRF-HYDRO flood peak and Soil Conservation Service Curve Number(SCS-CN)calculation result at the flood peak moment.The northern part of Zuoyun County should guard against the occurrence of flood disaster in wet season.The coupling of weatherand hydrology can not only make up for the lack of runoff data in arid basins,but also provide a basis for water resources management and disaster prevention and mitigation in the basins.
文摘[Objective]The study aimed to simulate the production and transportation process of surface runoff,sediment and non-point source pollution in Xincai River basin based on SWAT model.[Method]On the basis of analyzing the principles of SWAT model,the correlative parameters of runoff,sediment and water quality were calibrated,then the spatial and temporal distribution of runoff,sediment and non-point source pollutants in Xincai River basin were studied by using SWAT model.[Result]The results of calibration and validation showed that SWAT model was reasonable and available,and it can be used to simulate the non-point source pollution of Xincai River basin.The simulation results revealed that the load of sediment and various pollutants was the highest in the rainy year,followed by the normal year,while it was the minimum in the dry year,indicating that the production of sediment and non-point source pollutants was closely related to annual runoff.[Conclusion]The research could provide scientific references for the prevention of non-point source pollution in a basin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52265041 and 31901417)the assistance provided by the Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment.
文摘Understanding the biomechanical properties of safflowers is essential for appropriately designing harvesting machinery and optimizing the harvesting process.Safflower is a flexible crop that lacks a basis for relevant simulation parameters,which causes difficulties in designing harvesting machinery.In this study,a calibration method for safflowers was proposed.First,a discrete element model was established by measuring the intrinsic parameters of a safflower,such as its geometric parameters,density,Poisson’s ratio,and modulus of elasticity.Second,the contact and bonding parameters were calibrated using a combination of physical and simulation tests.In the contact parameter tests,the Hertz-Mindlin(no-slip)model was implemented for the stacking angle tests conducted regarding the safflower filament.A regular two-level factorial design was used to determine the important factors and perform the steepest climb test.Moreover,the Box-Behnken design was adopted to obtain the optimal contact parameters.In the bonding parameter tests,the Hertz-Mindlin model with bonding contact was applied for the safflower shear simulation tests;moreover,the optimum bonding parameters were obtained through the central composite design test.The results demonstrated that the relative errors between the simulated and measured stacking angles and maximum shear were 3.19%and 5.29%,respectively.As a result,the safflower simulation parameters were accurately calibrated,providing a reference for appropriately setting the simulation parameters and designing key mechanical components.
基金financially sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.5227051664)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR202111230084)+2 种基金Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.2019GNC106056)Taishan Scholar Youth Expert Project,the Chinese Herbal Medicine Innovation Team of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System in Shandong Province(Grant No.SDAIT-20-05)Qingdao Agricultural University-Technical Service Team of Special Industries(Grant No.QAU2022QY009).
文摘In order to establish an accurate discrete element model of alfalfa seeds,real physical experiments were combined with simulation experiments,and the contact parameters of alfalfa seeds were calibrated using the repose angle of alfalfa seeds as the response value.Some intrinsic parameters(thousand grain weight,triaxial size,density)and contact parameters(static friction coefficient,rolling friction coefficient)of alfalfa seeds were obtained through physical experiments,and a spherical particle model was established.Through the Plackett Burman experiment,the static friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds,the rolling friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds,and the static friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds and ABS plastic were determined to have a significant impact on the experiment.The steepest climb test is used to narrow down the selection range of the optimal parameters,and the box Behnken test is used to obtain the quadratic regression equation of the repose angle.The optimal parameter combination was obtained with the objective of minimizing the repose angle error:the static friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds and alfalfa seeds was 0.418,the rolling friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds and alfalfa seeds was 0.086,and the static friction coefficient between alfalfa seeds and ABS plastic was 0.471.The repose angle and mass flow rate experiments show that the model is effective and reliable.
基金supported by the Anhui Province Major Science and Technology Achievements Engineering Research and Development Special Project(grant No.202103c08020007)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant No.2022YJSHH15).
文摘Discrete element method(DEM)is an effective approach for studying the screening process of flip-flow screens.However,there have been few studies focusing on the thick layer of sticky-wet particles on flip-flow screens.To achieve accurate simulations of the thick layer of sticky-wet particles on a flip-flow screen,firstly,the movement law of particle flow was studied,and a multi-regime combination cali-bration method based on characteristics of particle flow regimes was proposed.Based on the Plackett-Burman experiment,the curse of dimensionality caused by multi-state and multi-contact parameters was overcome.Subsequently,the lifting cylinder,rotating drum,and trampoline tests were carried out to obtain macroscopic reference values under various granular flow regimes.The calibration results were then determined using the response surface method and climbing algorithm.Finally,the calibration results were tested at both macroscopic and mesoscopic scales and compared with a commonly used calibration method.The results demonstrate that the calibration method,which considers the multi-state characteristics,improves simulation accuracy by 2%-10%and reduces the simulation error to less than 10%,thus meeting the requirements for engineering optimization of flip-flow screens.
基金supported by the ADB Loan for Flood Management Project in the Yellow River Basin (Grant No. YH-SW-XH-02)
文摘This study evaluated the application of the European flood forecasting operational real time system （EFFORTS） to the Yellow River. An automatic data pre-processing program was developed to provide real-time hydrometeorological data. Various GIS layers were collected and developed to meet the demands of the distributed hydrological model in the EFFORTS. The model parameters were calibrated and validated based on more than ten years of historical hydrometeorological data from the study area. The San-Hua Basin （from the Sanmenxia Reservoir to the Huayuankou Hydrological Station）, the most geographically important area of the Yellow River, was chosen as the study area. The analysis indicates that the EFFORTS enhances the work efficiency, extends the flood forecasting lead time, and attains an acceptable level of forecasting accuracy in the San-Hua Basin, with a mean deterministic coefficient at Huayuankou Station, the basin outlet, of 0.90 in calibration and 0.96 in validation. The analysis also shows that the ;simulation accuracy is better for the southern part than for the northern part of the San-Hua Basin. This implies that, along with the characteristics of the basin and the mechanisms of runoff generation of the hydrological model, the hydrometeorological data play an important role in simulation of hydrological behavior.
