Wheat is one of the most important food crops, and its yield is seriously restricted by high salinity and other abiotic stresses. Many attempts have been made to elucidate the major physiological processes associated ...Wheat is one of the most important food crops, and its yield is seriously restricted by high salinity and other abiotic stresses. Many attempts have been made to elucidate the major physiological processes associated with salt tolerance and to identify the genes controlling the processes. In this review, the major role of high-affinity potassium transporter(HKT)genes in enhancing the salt tolerance of wheat is summarized. The link between maintenance of reactive oxygen species(ROS) homeostasis and salt tolerance through a comprehensive study of a wheat introgression line is examined, and the contribution of a set of genes involved in this process is depicted. New research strategies to uncover the mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in wheat based on recent advances in omics will be discussed.展开更多
Most modern wheat cultivars were selected on the basis of yield-related indices measured under optimal fertilizer and irrigation inputs.With climate change,land degradation and salinity caused by sea water encroachmen...Most modern wheat cultivars were selected on the basis of yield-related indices measured under optimal fertilizer and irrigation inputs.With climate change,land degradation and salinity caused by sea water encroachment,wheat is increasingly subjected to environmental stress.Moreover,expanding urbanization increasingly encroaches upon prime agricultural land in countries like China,and alternative cropping areas must be found.Some of these areas have moderate constraining factors,such as salinity.Therefore,it is important to investigate whether current genetic materials and breeding procedures are maintaining adequate variability to address future problems caused by abiotic stress.In this study,a panel of 307 wheat accessions,including local landraces,exotic cultivars used in Chinese breeding programs and Chinese cultivars released during different periods since1940,were subjected to a genome-wide association study to dissect the genetic basis of salinity tolerance.Both marker-based and pedigree-based kinship analyses revealed that favorable haplotypes were introduced in some exotic cultivars as well as a limited number of Chinese landraces from the 1940 s.However,improvements in salinity tolerance during modern breeding are not as obvious as that of yield.To broaden genetic diversity for increasing salt tolerance,there is a need to refocus attention on local landraces that have high degrees of salinity tolerance and carry rare favorable alleles that have not been exploited in breeding.展开更多
Wear of a zirconia graphite slagband material by mold slag during casting of a TRIP steel grade was investigated on worn specimens with respect to corrosion and erosion. Corrosion dissolution of both the stabilizer ox...Wear of a zirconia graphite slagband material by mold slag during casting of a TRIP steel grade was investigated on worn specimens with respect to corrosion and erosion. Corrosion dissolution of both the stabilizer oxide and the zirconia is decisive. Oxidation is dominating graphite wear whereas a possible dissolution in the liquid steel was not observed to play an important role here. The ratio of oxide corrosion to graphite oxidation decreases with decreasing vertical distance of the hot face to the steel bath. Unfortunately and contrary to other applications of carbon bonded refractories in steel industry graphite exhibits to be wetted by mold slag in the special case investigated here： it still acts as a refractive component but only partly as an infiltration inhibitor. Infiltration is followed by zirconia corrosion thus reducing erosion resistance, but nevertheless also gas phase transport of slag components may cause exsolution of the stabilizer oxide in un-infiltrated regions.展开更多
Saline-alkaline soils are a major environmental problem that limit plant growth and crop productivity.Plasma membrane H^(+)-ATPases and the salt overly sensitive(SOS)signaling pathway play important roles in plant res...Saline-alkaline soils are a major environmental problem that limit plant growth and crop productivity.Plasma membrane H^(+)-ATPases and the salt overly sensitive(SOS)signaling pathway play important roles in plant responses to saline-alkali stress.However,little is known about the functional genes and mechanisms regulating the transcription of H^(+)-ATPases and SOS pathway genes under saline–alkali stress.In the present study,we identified that the plant AT-rich sequence and zinc-binding(TaPLATZ2)transcription factor are involved in wheat response to saline-alkali stress by directly suppressing the expression of TaHA2/TaSOS3.The knockdown of TaPLATZ2 enhances salt and alkali stress tolerance,while overexpression of TaPLATZ2 leads to salt and alkali stress sensitivity in wheat.In addition,TaWRKY55 directly upregulated the expression of TaPLATZ2 during saline-alkali stress.Through knockdown and overexpression of Ta WRKY55 in wheat,Ta WRKY55 was shown to negatively modulate salt and alkali stress tolerance.Genetic analyses confirmed that Ta PLATZ2 functions downstream of Ta WRKY55 in response to salt and alkaline stresses.These findings provide a TaWRKY55–TaPLATZ2–TaHA2/TaSOS3 regulatory module that regulates wheat responses to saline-alkali stress.展开更多
One mechanism plants use to tolerate high salinity is the deposition of cutin and suberin to form apoplastic barriers that limit the influx of ions.However,the mechanism underlying barrier formation under salt stress ...One mechanism plants use to tolerate high salinity is the deposition of cutin and suberin to form apoplastic barriers that limit the influx of ions.However,the mechanism underlying barrier formation under salt stress is unclear.Here,we characterized the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase(GPAT)family gene TaGPAT6,encoding a protein involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis for apoplastic barrier formation in wheat(Triticum aestivum).TaGPAT6 has both acyltransferase and phosphatase activities,which are responsible for the synthesis of sn-2-monoacylglycerol(sn-2 MAG),the precursor of cutin and suberin.Overexpressing TaGPAT6 promoted the deposition of cutin and suberin in the seed coat and the outside layers of root tip cells and enhanced salt tolerance by reducing sodium ion accumulation within cells.By contrast,TaGPAT6 knockout mutants showed increased sensitivity to salt stress due to reduced cutin and suberin deposition and enhanced sodium ion accumulation.Yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified TaABI5 as the upstream regulator of TaGPAT6.TaABI5 knockout mutants showed suppressed expression of TaGPAT6 and decreased barrier formation in the seed coat.These results indicate that TaGPAT6 is involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis and the resulting formation of an apoplastic barrier that enhances salt tolerance in wheat.展开更多
Dormancy is an adaptive trait which prevents seeds from germinating under unfavorable environmental conditions.Seeds with weak dormancy undergo pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)which decreases grain yield and quality.Underst...Dormancy is an adaptive trait which prevents seeds from germinating under unfavorable environmental conditions.Seeds with weak dormancy undergo pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)which decreases grain yield and quality.Understanding the genetic mechanisms that regulate seed dormancy and resistance to PHS is crucial for ensuring global food security.In this study,we illustrated the function and molecular mechanism of TaSRO1 in the regulation of seed dormancy and PHS resistance by suppressing TaVP1.The tasro1 mutants exhibited strong seed dormancy and enhanced resistance to PHS,whereas the mutants of tavp1 displayed weak dormancy.Genetic evidence has shown that TaVP1 is epistatic to TaSRO1.Biochemical evidence has shown that TaSRO1 interacts with TaVP1 and represses the transcriptional activation of the PHS resistance genes TaPHS1 and TaSdr.Furthermore,TaSRO1 undermines the synergistic activation of TaVP1 and TaABI5 in PHS resistance genes.Finally,we highlight the great potential of tasro1 alleles for breeding elite wheat cultivars that are resistant to PHS.展开更多
Deep sowing is a traditional method for drought resistance in maize production,and mesocotyl elongation is strongly associated with the ability of maize to germinate from deep soil.However,little is known about the fu...Deep sowing is a traditional method for drought resistance in maize production,and mesocotyl elongation is strongly associated with the ability of maize to germinate from deep soil.However,little is known about the functional genes and mechanisms regulating maize mesocotyl elongation.In the present study,we identified a plant-specific SIMILAR TO RCD-ONE(SRO) protein family member,ZmSRO1e,involved in maize mesocotyl elongation.The expression of ZmSRO1e is strongly inhibited upon transfer from dark to white light.The loss-of-function zmsro1e mutant exhibited a dramatically shorter mesocotyl than the wild-type in both constant light and darkness,while overexpression of ZmSRO1e significantly promoted mesocotyl elongation,indicating that ZmSRO1e positively regulates mesocotyl elongation.We showed that ZmSRO1e physically interacted with Zmb ZIP61,an ortholog of Arabidopsis ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5) and showed a function similar to that of HY5 in regulating photomorphogenesis.We found that ZmSRO1e repressed the transcriptional activity of Zmb ZIP61 toward target genes involved in the regulation of cell expansion,such as ZmEXPB4 and ZmEXPB6,by interfering with the binding of ZmbZIP61 to the promoters of target genes.Our results provide a new understanding of the mechanism by which SRO regulates photomorphogenesis and highlight its potential application in deep sowing-resistant breeding.展开更多
Salt and saline-alkaline stress seriously threaten crop production and food security worldwide(Yang and Guo,2018).Identifying genes that confer tolerance to these conditions without yield penalty would help mitigate t...Salt and saline-alkaline stress seriously threaten crop production and food security worldwide(Yang and Guo,2018).Identifying genes that confer tolerance to these conditions without yield penalty would help mitigate this problem through molecular breeding(Liang et al.,2023;Sahu and Liu,2023).Although numerous stress-tolerance genes have been identified,their application potential in molecular breeding has rarely been confirmed through multi-year and multi-site field trials.展开更多
Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a major crop that feeds 40%of the world’s population.Over the past several decades,advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestic...Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a major crop that feeds 40%of the world’s population.Over the past several decades,advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestication of wheat,and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits,which promote the breeding of elite varieties.In this review,we focus on progress that has been made in genomic research and genetic improvement of traits such as grain yield,end-use traits,flowering regulation,nutrient use efficiency,and biotic and abiotic stress responses,and various breeding strategies that contributed mainly by Chinese scientists.Functional genomic research in wheat is entering a new era with the availability of multiple reference wheat genome assemblies and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as precise genome editing tools,highthroughput phenotyping platforms,sequencing-based cloning strategies,high-efficiency genetic transformation systems,and speed-breeding facilities.These insights will further extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits and facilitate the breeding process,ultimately contributing to more sustainable agriculture in China and throughout the world.展开更多
Dear Editor,Mold-breaking progress in whole-genome sequencing and rapid accumulation of multi-omics data have revolutionized the research strategies of functional genomics in wheat(Wang et al.,2018).However,how to acc...Dear Editor,Mold-breaking progress in whole-genome sequencing and rapid accumulation of multi-omics data have revolutionized the research strategies of functional genomics in wheat(Wang et al.,2018).However,how to access these vast multi-omics data and to extract key information on genes of in-terest,is still challenging for most wet-lab or field wheat re-searchers who have little bioinformatic experiences and cannot access the expensive computational resources.Here,we pre-sent WheatOmics(http://wheatomics.sdau.edu.cn/,previously designated as Triticeae Multi-omics Center,http://202.194.139.32/),a free,web-accessible,and user-friendly platform.WheatOmics not only empowers the effective access to the visualized multi-omics data of user-interested genes but also offers several distinctive and practical toolkits that can ease almost every aspect of wheat functional genomics studies(Figure 1A).展开更多
Plant somatic hybridization has progressed steadily over the past 35 years. Many hybrid plants have been generated from fusion combinations of different phylogenetic species, some of which have been utilized in crop b...Plant somatic hybridization has progressed steadily over the past 35 years. Many hybrid plants have been generated from fusion combinations of different phylogenetic species, some of which have been utilized in crop breeding programs. Among them, asymmetric hybrid, which usually contains a fraction of alien genome, has received more attention because of its importance in crop improvement. However, few studies have dealt with the heredity of the genome of somatic hybrid for a long time, which has limited the progress of this approach. Over recent ten years, along with the development of an effective cytogenetical tool ＂in situ hybridization （ISH）＂, asymmetric fusion of common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） with different grasses or cereals has been greatly developed. Genetics, genomes, functional genes and agricultt, ral traits of wheat asymmetric hybrids have been subject to systematic investigations using gene cloning, genomic in situ hybridization （GISH） and molecular makers. The future goal is to fully elucidate the functional relationships among improved agronomic traits, the genes and underlying molecular mechanisms, and the genome dynamics of somatic introgression lines. This will accelerate the development of elite germplasms via somatic hybridization and the application of these materials in the molecular improvement of crop plants.展开更多
Alkali stress is a major constraint for crop production in many regions of saline-alkali land.However,little is known about the mechanisms through which wheat responds to alkali stress.In this study,we identified a ca...Alkali stress is a major constraint for crop production in many regions of saline-alkali land.However,little is known about the mechanisms through which wheat responds to alkali stress.In this study,we identified a calcium ion-binding protein from wheat,TaCCD1,which is critical for regulating the plasma membrane(PM)H^(+)-ATPase-mediated alkali stress response.PM H+-ATPase activity is closely related to alkali tolerance in the wheat variety Shanrong 4(SR4).We found that two D-clade type 2C protein phosphatases,TaPP2C.D1 and TaPP2C.D8(TaPP2C.D1/8),negatively modulate alkali stress tolerance by dephosphorylating the penultimate threonine residue(Thr926)of TaHA2 and thereby inhibiting PM H+-ATPase activity.Alkali stress induces the expression of TaCCD1 in SR4,and TaCCD1 interacts with TaSAUR215,an early auxin-responsive protein.These responses are both dependent on calcium signaling triggered by alkali stress.TaCCD1 enhances the inhibitory effect of TaSAUR215 on TaPP2C.D1/8 activity,thereby promoting the activity of the PM H^(+)-ATPase TaHA2 and alkali stress tolerance in wheat.Functional and genetic analyses verified the effects of these genes in response to alkali stress,indicating that TaPP2C.D1/8 function downstream of TaSAUR215 and TaCCD1.Collectively,this study uncovers a new signaling pathway that regulates wheat responses to alkali stress,in which Ca^(2+)-dependent TaCCD1 cooperates with TaSAUR215 to enhance PM H+-ATPase activity and alkali stress tolerance by inhibiting TaPP2C.D1/8-mediated dephosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase TaHA2 in wheat.展开更多
The protoplasts of Red Thorowax ( Bupleurum scorzonerifolium) irradiated by ultraviolet light (UV) at an intensity of 260μW/cm2 for 0, 1,2 and 3 min respectively were fused with that of grapevine ( Vitia vinifera). T...The protoplasts of Red Thorowax ( Bupleurum scorzonerifolium) irradiated by ultraviolet light (UV) at an intensity of 260μW/cm2 for 0, 1,2 and 3 min respectively were fused with that of grapevine ( Vitia vinifera). The regenerated 19 clones, every one derived from a single fused cell, were identified as hybrids by phenotype, isozyme, chromosome and 5S rDNA spacer region analysis. The results reveal that all of them are somatic hybrids. 11 hybrid calli includ-展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project (2016YFD0101004)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31430060, 31601306)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M601161)
文摘Wheat is one of the most important food crops, and its yield is seriously restricted by high salinity and other abiotic stresses. Many attempts have been made to elucidate the major physiological processes associated with salt tolerance and to identify the genes controlling the processes. In this review, the major role of high-affinity potassium transporter(HKT)genes in enhancing the salt tolerance of wheat is summarized. The link between maintenance of reactive oxygen species(ROS) homeostasis and salt tolerance through a comprehensive study of a wheat introgression line is examined, and the contribution of a set of genes involved in this process is depicted. New research strategies to uncover the mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in wheat based on recent advances in omics will be discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Youth Foundation of China(31901494,31601306,and 31901869)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971890)+1 种基金supported by Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of China Association for Science and Technology(2017QNRC001)the Natural Science Fund of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20161092)。
文摘Most modern wheat cultivars were selected on the basis of yield-related indices measured under optimal fertilizer and irrigation inputs.With climate change,land degradation and salinity caused by sea water encroachment,wheat is increasingly subjected to environmental stress.Moreover,expanding urbanization increasingly encroaches upon prime agricultural land in countries like China,and alternative cropping areas must be found.Some of these areas have moderate constraining factors,such as salinity.Therefore,it is important to investigate whether current genetic materials and breeding procedures are maintaining adequate variability to address future problems caused by abiotic stress.In this study,a panel of 307 wheat accessions,including local landraces,exotic cultivars used in Chinese breeding programs and Chinese cultivars released during different periods since1940,were subjected to a genome-wide association study to dissect the genetic basis of salinity tolerance.Both marker-based and pedigree-based kinship analyses revealed that favorable haplotypes were introduced in some exotic cultivars as well as a limited number of Chinese landraces from the 1940 s.However,improvements in salinity tolerance during modern breeding are not as obvious as that of yield.To broaden genetic diversity for increasing salt tolerance,there is a need to refocus attention on local landraces that have high degrees of salinity tolerance and carry rare favorable alleles that have not been exploited in breeding.
基金The research program of the competence center Advanced Metallurgical and Environmental Process Development(KlMET) is supported within the Austrian program for competence centers COMET (Competence Center for Excellent Technologies) with funds of the Federal Ministry for TransportInnovation and Technology.the Federal Ministry of Economy,the province of Upper Austria and Styria,the Styrian Business Promotion Agency,of the Tyrol and the Tyrolian Future Foundation
文摘Wear of a zirconia graphite slagband material by mold slag during casting of a TRIP steel grade was investigated on worn specimens with respect to corrosion and erosion. Corrosion dissolution of both the stabilizer oxide and the zirconia is decisive. Oxidation is dominating graphite wear whereas a possible dissolution in the liquid steel was not observed to play an important role here. The ratio of oxide corrosion to graphite oxidation decreases with decreasing vertical distance of the hot face to the steel bath. Unfortunately and contrary to other applications of carbon bonded refractories in steel industry graphite exhibits to be wetted by mold slag in the special case investigated here： it still acts as a refractive component but only partly as an infiltration inhibitor. Infiltration is followed by zirconia corrosion thus reducing erosion resistance, but nevertheless also gas phase transport of slag components may cause exsolution of the stabilizer oxide in un-infiltrated regions.
基金supported by grants from the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province(2022LZGC002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171935 and 32372039)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201700)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019ZD16)the Intramural Joint Program Fund of State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology(SKLMTIJP2024-06)。
文摘Saline-alkaline soils are a major environmental problem that limit plant growth and crop productivity.Plasma membrane H^(+)-ATPases and the salt overly sensitive(SOS)signaling pathway play important roles in plant responses to saline-alkali stress.However,little is known about the functional genes and mechanisms regulating the transcription of H^(+)-ATPases and SOS pathway genes under saline–alkali stress.In the present study,we identified that the plant AT-rich sequence and zinc-binding(TaPLATZ2)transcription factor are involved in wheat response to saline-alkali stress by directly suppressing the expression of TaHA2/TaSOS3.The knockdown of TaPLATZ2 enhances salt and alkali stress tolerance,while overexpression of TaPLATZ2 leads to salt and alkali stress sensitivity in wheat.In addition,TaWRKY55 directly upregulated the expression of TaPLATZ2 during saline-alkali stress.Through knockdown and overexpression of Ta WRKY55 in wheat,Ta WRKY55 was shown to negatively modulate salt and alkali stress tolerance.Genetic analyses confirmed that Ta PLATZ2 functions downstream of Ta WRKY55 in response to salt and alkaline stresses.These findings provide a TaWRKY55–TaPLATZ2–TaHA2/TaSOS3 regulatory module that regulates wheat responses to saline-alkali stress.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022 YFD1201700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171935 and 32372039)+2 种基金the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province(2022LZGC002)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019ZD16)the Intramural Joint Program Fund of State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology(SKLMTIJP-2024-06)。
文摘One mechanism plants use to tolerate high salinity is the deposition of cutin and suberin to form apoplastic barriers that limit the influx of ions.However,the mechanism underlying barrier formation under salt stress is unclear.Here,we characterized the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase(GPAT)family gene TaGPAT6,encoding a protein involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis for apoplastic barrier formation in wheat(Triticum aestivum).TaGPAT6 has both acyltransferase and phosphatase activities,which are responsible for the synthesis of sn-2-monoacylglycerol(sn-2 MAG),the precursor of cutin and suberin.Overexpressing TaGPAT6 promoted the deposition of cutin and suberin in the seed coat and the outside layers of root tip cells and enhanced salt tolerance by reducing sodium ion accumulation within cells.By contrast,TaGPAT6 knockout mutants showed increased sensitivity to salt stress due to reduced cutin and suberin deposition and enhanced sodium ion accumulation.Yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified TaABI5 as the upstream regulator of TaGPAT6.TaABI5 knockout mutants showed suppressed expression of TaGPAT6 and decreased barrier formation in the seed coat.These results indicate that TaGPAT6 is involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis and the resulting formation of an apoplastic barrier that enhances salt tolerance in wheat.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019ZD16ZR2020JQ14)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171935,U1906202)the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province(2022LZGC002)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1201700).
文摘Dormancy is an adaptive trait which prevents seeds from germinating under unfavorable environmental conditions.Seeds with weak dormancy undergo pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)which decreases grain yield and quality.Understanding the genetic mechanisms that regulate seed dormancy and resistance to PHS is crucial for ensuring global food security.In this study,we illustrated the function and molecular mechanism of TaSRO1 in the regulation of seed dormancy and PHS resistance by suppressing TaVP1.The tasro1 mutants exhibited strong seed dormancy and enhanced resistance to PHS,whereas the mutants of tavp1 displayed weak dormancy.Genetic evidence has shown that TaVP1 is epistatic to TaSRO1.Biochemical evidence has shown that TaSRO1 interacts with TaVP1 and represses the transcriptional activation of the PHS resistance genes TaPHS1 and TaSdr.Furthermore,TaSRO1 undermines the synergistic activation of TaVP1 and TaABI5 in PHS resistance genes.Finally,we highlight the great potential of tasro1 alleles for breeding elite wheat cultivars that are resistant to PHS.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019ZD16 and ZR2022QC007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171935 and 32372039)+2 种基金Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province (2022LZGC002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1201700)the Project for Scientific Research Innovation Team of Young Scholars in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province (2020KJE002)。
文摘Deep sowing is a traditional method for drought resistance in maize production,and mesocotyl elongation is strongly associated with the ability of maize to germinate from deep soil.However,little is known about the functional genes and mechanisms regulating maize mesocotyl elongation.In the present study,we identified a plant-specific SIMILAR TO RCD-ONE(SRO) protein family member,ZmSRO1e,involved in maize mesocotyl elongation.The expression of ZmSRO1e is strongly inhibited upon transfer from dark to white light.The loss-of-function zmsro1e mutant exhibited a dramatically shorter mesocotyl than the wild-type in both constant light and darkness,while overexpression of ZmSRO1e significantly promoted mesocotyl elongation,indicating that ZmSRO1e positively regulates mesocotyl elongation.We showed that ZmSRO1e physically interacted with Zmb ZIP61,an ortholog of Arabidopsis ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5) and showed a function similar to that of HY5 in regulating photomorphogenesis.We found that ZmSRO1e repressed the transcriptional activity of Zmb ZIP61 toward target genes involved in the regulation of cell expansion,such as ZmEXPB4 and ZmEXPB6,by interfering with the binding of ZmbZIP61 to the promoters of target genes.Our results provide a new understanding of the mechanism by which SRO regulates photomorphogenesis and highlight its potential application in deep sowing-resistant breeding.
基金supported by Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong(ZR202105200003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870242)National Transgene Project(2020ZX08009-11B,2016ZX08002002-003)。
文摘Salt and saline-alkaline stress seriously threaten crop production and food security worldwide(Yang and Guo,2018).Identifying genes that confer tolerance to these conditions without yield penalty would help mitigate this problem through molecular breeding(Liang et al.,2023;Sahu and Liu,2023).Although numerous stress-tolerance genes have been identified,their application potential in molecular breeding has rarely been confirmed through multi-year and multi-site field trials.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31788103,31970529,32125030,31921005,31961143013,32072660)the Key Research and Development Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021YFF1000200)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010202).
文摘Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a major crop that feeds 40%of the world’s population.Over the past several decades,advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestication of wheat,and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits,which promote the breeding of elite varieties.In this review,we focus on progress that has been made in genomic research and genetic improvement of traits such as grain yield,end-use traits,flowering regulation,nutrient use efficiency,and biotic and abiotic stress responses,and various breeding strategies that contributed mainly by Chinese scientists.Functional genomic research in wheat is entering a new era with the availability of multiple reference wheat genome assemblies and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as precise genome editing tools,highthroughput phenotyping platforms,sequencing-based cloning strategies,high-efficiency genetic transformation systems,and speed-breeding facilities.These insights will further extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits and facilitate the breeding process,ultimately contributing to more sustainable agriculture in China and throughout the world.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24020104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072064,U1906202,31971935,and 31901494)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20200110).
文摘Dear Editor,Mold-breaking progress in whole-genome sequencing and rapid accumulation of multi-omics data have revolutionized the research strategies of functional genomics in wheat(Wang et al.,2018).However,how to access these vast multi-omics data and to extract key information on genes of in-terest,is still challenging for most wet-lab or field wheat re-searchers who have little bioinformatic experiences and cannot access the expensive computational resources.Here,we pre-sent WheatOmics(http://wheatomics.sdau.edu.cn/,previously designated as Triticeae Multi-omics Center,http://202.194.139.32/),a free,web-accessible,and user-friendly platform.WheatOmics not only empowers the effective access to the visualized multi-omics data of user-interested genes but also offers several distinctive and practical toolkits that can ease almost every aspect of wheat functional genomics studies(Figure 1A).
基金supported by the National Basic Research 973 Program of China (No. 2009CB118300 and 2006CB100100)the Major Program of the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30530480)+2 种基金the Major Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. Q2006D02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30871320 and 30370857)the National 863 High Tech-nology Research and Development Project (No. 2006AA100102)
文摘Plant somatic hybridization has progressed steadily over the past 35 years. Many hybrid plants have been generated from fusion combinations of different phylogenetic species, some of which have been utilized in crop breeding programs. Among them, asymmetric hybrid, which usually contains a fraction of alien genome, has received more attention because of its importance in crop improvement. However, few studies have dealt with the heredity of the genome of somatic hybrid for a long time, which has limited the progress of this approach. Over recent ten years, along with the development of an effective cytogenetical tool ＂in situ hybridization （ISH）＂, asymmetric fusion of common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） with different grasses or cereals has been greatly developed. Genetics, genomes, functional genes and agricultt, ral traits of wheat asymmetric hybrids have been subject to systematic investigations using gene cloning, genomic in situ hybridization （GISH） and molecular makers. The future goal is to fully elucidate the functional relationships among improved agronomic traits, the genes and underlying molecular mechanisms, and the genome dynamics of somatic introgression lines. This will accelerate the development of elite germplasms via somatic hybridization and the application of these materials in the molecular improvement of crop plants.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020JQ14 and ZR2019ZD16)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872864,32171935,31722038,31720103910,and U1906202)+2 种基金the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province(2022LZGC002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201700)the Project for Scientific Research Innovation Team of Young Scholar in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province(2020KJE002).
文摘Alkali stress is a major constraint for crop production in many regions of saline-alkali land.However,little is known about the mechanisms through which wheat responds to alkali stress.In this study,we identified a calcium ion-binding protein from wheat,TaCCD1,which is critical for regulating the plasma membrane(PM)H^(+)-ATPase-mediated alkali stress response.PM H+-ATPase activity is closely related to alkali tolerance in the wheat variety Shanrong 4(SR4).We found that two D-clade type 2C protein phosphatases,TaPP2C.D1 and TaPP2C.D8(TaPP2C.D1/8),negatively modulate alkali stress tolerance by dephosphorylating the penultimate threonine residue(Thr926)of TaHA2 and thereby inhibiting PM H+-ATPase activity.Alkali stress induces the expression of TaCCD1 in SR4,and TaCCD1 interacts with TaSAUR215,an early auxin-responsive protein.These responses are both dependent on calcium signaling triggered by alkali stress.TaCCD1 enhances the inhibitory effect of TaSAUR215 on TaPP2C.D1/8 activity,thereby promoting the activity of the PM H^(+)-ATPase TaHA2 and alkali stress tolerance in wheat.Functional and genetic analyses verified the effects of these genes in response to alkali stress,indicating that TaPP2C.D1/8 function downstream of TaSAUR215 and TaCCD1.Collectively,this study uncovers a new signaling pathway that regulates wheat responses to alkali stress,in which Ca^(2+)-dependent TaCCD1 cooperates with TaSAUR215 to enhance PM H+-ATPase activity and alkali stress tolerance by inhibiting TaPP2C.D1/8-mediated dephosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase TaHA2 in wheat.
文摘The protoplasts of Red Thorowax ( Bupleurum scorzonerifolium) irradiated by ultraviolet light (UV) at an intensity of 260μW/cm2 for 0, 1,2 and 3 min respectively were fused with that of grapevine ( Vitia vinifera). The regenerated 19 clones, every one derived from a single fused cell, were identified as hybrids by phenotype, isozyme, chromosome and 5S rDNA spacer region analysis. The results reveal that all of them are somatic hybrids. 11 hybrid calli includ-
