摘要
“南山”是以关中平原为文化基地的周秦文明的资源由来和地理屏障。由“南山”到“秦岭”的名号变易,使得这一东西横亘的山脉因秦史、秦文化的作用获得显赫名义。“楚山”“秦山”之称,正是楚人先祖和秦人先祖都曾经在“秦岭”南北进行早期经营,选择良好生存空间和发展根据地的历史反映。而“秦山”“秦岭”名号的确定,显现秦人于历史文化地理格局中最终占据优胜地位。“秦岭”“巴山”同样表现出与族名的关联。而蜀道克服这两座山脉实现南北交通,曾经有多个族群共同开发的道路工程史。“秦岭”名称大致在汉代已经通行于世,与“黄河”同样成为汉文化的地理标志。对于“秦岭”名号的历史文化意义,可以比照“秦人”称谓长时段广泛使用的事实予以理解。
The creators of the Zhou and Qin civilizations,who established the Guanzhong Plain as their primary cultural base,also relied on the“Nanshan”(Southern Mountains)as a vital resource.According to Records of the Grand Historian:Annals of Zhou,while the Zhou people developed agriculture in the Wei River’s northern region,they also emphasized crossing the Wei River to obtain forest resources.The favorable ecological conditions of the“Nanshan”became a source of abundant wealth for the Zhou people,enabling them to achieve prosperity.The“Nanshan”refers to the mountain range later known as the“Qinling Mountains.”Scholars have argued that“the Qinling Mountains served as an important stage for Zhou activities,”a claim supported by historical evidence.In their early development,the Qin sought to expand in the western section of the Qinling Mountains and explore ideal bases in the Han River and Wei River basins.The Qin people utilized the resources of the Qinling Mountains for forestry,animal husbandry,and agriculture.After the establishment of the Qin state,they inherited the agricultural achievements of the Zhou and continued their tradition of prioritizing agriculture.When did the term“Qinling”emerge,gain acceptance,and become widely used?Some scholars,in their research on the“archaeology of knowledge regarding the naming of the Qinling,”have noted that Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian contains the earliest recorded use of the term,describing the Qinling as“the great barrier of the world.”However,this claim lacks solid evidence.Others argue that Ban Gu,in his Ode to the Two Capitals,historically named the“Nanshan”as the“Qinling”based on the logic of dynastic geography.Still,some scholars suggest that Ban Gu’s Ode to the Western Capital used the character“Qin”to name the“Nanshan”of the Qin Empire as the“Qinling.”While the association between the“Qinling”and the Qin state and its governance is undeniable,the assertion that Ban Gu named the“Qinling”remains debatable.The true origin of the term“Qinling”is still unclear,and it is uncertain whether the name originated from the populace or the imperial court.Therefore,using the concept of“dynastic geography”to interpret the naming of the“Qinling”may not be appropriate.The Weilue records Wei Yan’s proposal to“follow the Qinling eastward,”highlighting the historical and geographical significance of the Qinling as a grand east-west mountain range recognized by military strategists for its terrain.This usage differs from the modern geographical understanding of the“Qinling.”The relationship between the“Qinling,”“Bashan”(Ba Mountains),and the Han River,as well as their significance in transportation history,ethnic history,and political culture,deserves scholarly attention.The Shu Roads traverse mountainous regions,with the“Qinling”to the north and the“Bashan”to the south,separated by the east-flowing Han River.The characters“Qin”in“Qinling”and“Ba”in“Bashan”suggest a connection between geographical names and ethnic identities.The construction of the Shu Roads,which overcame the barriers of the Qinling and Bashan Mountains to facilitate north-south transportation,involved the collaborative efforts of the Qin,Shu,and Ba peoples.Both the“Qinling”and the Han River represent the overlap between dynastic names and geographical names.While the“Qinling”was named after the Qin Dynasty,the relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Han River is reversed,as the Han Dynasty derived its name from the Han River.The widespread adoption of the name“Qinling”is closely tied to the historical activities of the Qin people and the cultural influence of the Qin state.In other words,the naming of the“Qinling”likely occurred during a period when the Qin state had established a dominant position,surpassing the political influence of the Western Zhou Dynasty.By this time,the original name“Nanshan”and the prestige of Zhou culture had gradually faded from the consciousness of the Guanzhong residents,who were increasingly influenced by the emerging Qin culture.After the Qin,people began to use“Qinling”to name the Nanshan.The Qin people’s“Qinling”thus gained eternal recognition and became a lasting geographical symbol in world memory.The name“Qinling”became widely accepted during the Han Dynasty,standing alongside the“Yellow River”as a prominent geographical marker of Han culture.Another socio-cultural phenomenon related to the emergence of the“Qinling”name is the use of the term“Qin People”by various tribes in the northwestern region during the Western Han Dynasty.From the Warring States period to the Qin Dynasty,the cultural influence of the Qin people in the northwest led the Xiongnu and other western peoples to refer to the Central Plains inhabitants as“Qin people.”This cultural phenomenon highlights the early prominence of the Silk Road’s role during the Qin’s influence in the northwest.The term“Qin people,”as a social designation,ethnic identifier,and cultural symbol,serves as a linguistic specimen illustrating the historical exchanges and integration among the Chinese nation.It also reflects the enduring cultural impact of the“Qinling”as a symbol.
作者
王子今
WANG Zi-jin(School of History,Northwest University,Xi’an 710127,China)
出处
《西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》
北大核心
2025年第2期5-17,共13页
Journal of Northwest University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition
基金
国家哲学社会科学基金铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究专项项目“新发现周秦汉唐西北民族关系史料的整理与研究”(23VMZ006)。
关键词
南山
秦岭
蜀道
秦史
秦文化
秦人
Nanshan
Qinling Mountains
Shu Roads
Qin history
Qin culture
Qin people
