摘要
明初大都督府长官皆太祖心腹近侍出身,其下有一套文职幕僚班子处理全国机要军务。五府分置后,机要军务转归兵部处理,更加符合文书行政的需要。太祖晚年赋予五府统领京军与藩王内外配合拱卫皇室的使命,奠定了五府为朝廷“腹心”的基本属性。京营成立以后,实行五府长官提督京营、五府机构办理营务的“以府管营”体制;五府长官以“管军大臣”身份参议军务、边务及将领选任。正德、嘉靖之际,“以府管营”的弊端愈加明显,明廷在郭勋事件后建构出府、营不可兼管的“祖制”,从而遮蔽了五府这一行使百余年的职能。“庚戌之变”后,五府与京营正式分离,丧失管军权力的五府长官依然参议国政,其象征意义大于实际意义。都督府权力缩小的实质是明朝统治的“私性”减弱和“公性”增强,是社会发展的体现。
In the early Ming Dynasty,all the heads of the grand Dudu Fu(都督府,the military governor's office in the Ming Dynasty)were close attendants and confidants of the founding emperor.Under them,there was a team of civilian staff to handle the confidential military affairs of the whole country.After the Five Offices(五府)were separately established,confidential military affairs were transferred to the Ministry of War,which was more in line with the needs of administrative document processing.In his later years,Emperor Taizu entrusted the Five Offices with the mission of leading the imperial guards in the capital and cooperating with the princes both inside and outside the palace to safeguard the imperial family.This role established the Five Offices as the“heart and core”of the court.After the establishment of the capital garrison,the system of“garrison management by the Five Offices”was implemented,and the Five Offices were responsible for the handling of affairs of the garrison.The heads of the Five Offices,in the capacity of“military administrators”,participated in discussions on military affairs,border affairs,and the selection of generals.During the reigns of emperor Zhengde(正德)and Jiajing(嘉靖),the drawbacks of the“management of garrisons by Dudu Fu”became increasingly apparent.After the Guo Xun(郭勋)Incident the Ming imperial court established a so-called“ancestral institution”prohibiting the concurrent management of the Dudu Fu and the garrison.This move effectively obscured the function that the Five Offices had exercised for over a century.After the“Gengxu(庚戌)Incident”,the Five Offices and the capital garrison were formally separated.The heads of the Five Offices,though stripped of their military command authority,still participated in national affairs discussions,but their role became largely symbolic.The decline in the power of the Dudu Fu essentially reflects the shift in Ming rule from a“private”to a more“public”nature,a change that mirrored broader societal development.
作者
曹循
CAO Xun(School of History,Northwest University,Xian,Shannxi,710127,China)
出处
《史学集刊》
北大核心
2025年第2期22-35,共14页
Collected Papers of History Studies
关键词
明代
都督府
勋臣
京营
The Ming Dynasty
Military Commission
Meritorious Ministers
Capital Camps
