摘要
与热机有关的热力学循环研究促使了热力学基础理论的建立.目前在应用需求的驱动下,热力学研究从平衡态走向非平衡态,热力学循环理论也从准静态过程走向了有限时间过程,形成了有限时间热力学这一前沿科学领域.但是,在大学阶段的物理教学中热力学领域的实验(特别是热循环及其效率的实验测量)较少.本文详细介绍了基于理想气体的有限时间热力学实验平台,以及如何利用该平台对理想气体的热力学循环进行精确测量.通过该平台可以定量测量热力学循环的功率和效率,检验有限时间热力学的重要理论预言,如不可逆熵产生对时间的反比标度、有限时间卡诺循环的功率与效率的约束,以及最大功率效率与卡诺效率之间的函数关系.该有限时间热力学实验平台可以推广到大学物理实验教学,促进热力学实验教学的升级.
The exploration on thermodynamic cycles in heat engines has led to the establishment of fundamental thermodynamics theories.Thanks to the practical applications,thermodynamics research has been extended from equilibrium to non-equilibrium states.Correspondingly,the theory of thermodynamic cycles has been developed from quasi-static to finite-time processes,leading to the emerging field of finite-time thermodynamics.However,thermodynamic experiments,especially those measuring thermodynamic cycles and their efficiencies,are of insufficient quantity in the physics education at universities.This paper presented a comprehensive introduction to a thermodynamics experimental platform based on ideal gases and demonstrated how it could be used for precise measurements of thermodynamic cycles.On this platform,the power and efficiency of dynamical cycles could be quantitatively measured,and several important theoretical predictions for finite-time thermodynamics were verified,such as the inverse time scaling brought about by the irreversible entropy,constraint relation between the power and efficiency of finite-time Carnot cycles,and the relationship between the efficiency at maximum power and Carnot efficiency.This finite-time thermodynamics experimental platform could be implemented in undergraduate physics labs,enhancing promotion of the thermodynamics experiment education.
作者
翟若迅
马宇翰
董辉
孙昌璞
ZHAI Ruoxun;MA Yuhan;DONG Hui;SUN Changpu(Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics,Beijing 100193,China;School of Physics and Astronomy,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;School of Physics,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)
出处
《物理实验》
2024年第6期1-10,共10页
Physics Experimentation
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(No.12088101,No.11875049,No.11534002)
NSAF基金-科学研究中心项目(No.U1930402,No.U1930403,No.12047549)
国家基础研究项目(No.2016YFA0301201)。
关键词
有限时间热力学实验
热力学循环
功率-效率约束关系
最大功率效率
experiment of finite-time thermodynamics
thermodynamic cycle
constraint relation between the power and efficiency
efficiency at maximum power
