摘要
新生幼仔通常非常脆弱,需要亲代抚育才能成活,哺乳动物的亲代抚育主要由雌性完成。雌性在分娩前后所展现出的寻找分娩地点、筑造产房、分娩、舔仔、授乳、护仔等一系列动作称为母性行为,其对家养及野生动物幼仔的成活和发育均至关重要。母性行为受遗传、管理等因素影响,环境中残留的各类新型污染物也给正常母性行为的激发和维持带来了新挑战。此外,虽然母性行为是评判优良个体的重要参考,但由于母性行为性状遗传力低,这使得仅从遗传角度很难做出科学评价,而应结合行为表观遗传学综合分析上述因素对母性行为的整体影响。综述了遗传、营养、环境、管理以及疾病等因素对哺乳动物母性行为的影响,并重点指出塑化剂、重金属等残留在环境中的内分泌干扰物,以及电磁污染、光污染等是母性行为异常的新诱因。此外,还对动物生产及野生动物保护工作中如何在遗传学基础上,综合优化营养、环境、管理等措施来改善和培育优良母性行为性状提出了展望。可为下一步深入探究哺乳动物母性行为影响因素及调控机制提供参考,并为预防和改善动物母性行为异常以及提高动物母性照料能力提供依据,同时,还能为探索生态健康养殖、提高母幼福利提供一定的参考。
In mammals,newborn puppies are usually very delicate and their survival depends heavily on parental care.Parental care is primarily provided by the female mammal,who was found to exhibit a series of behaviors before and after giving birth,including searching for a suitable birthing site,constructing a birth chamber,giving birth,grooming,lactation,and nursing.These actions are referred to as maternal behaviors and are critical for the survival and development of newborns in both domesticated and wild animals.Previous studies by us and others have shown that maternal behavior is influenced by genetic and management factors.In addition,with the rapid development of industrialization and electrification in recent decades and changes in human lifestyles,the presence of various new types of pollutants in the environment poses new challenges for the elicitation and maintenance of normal maternal behavior.When disturbed by these undesirable factors,female animals often show abnormal maternal behavior such as not making nests,refusing to lactate,being reluctant to lick the cubs,unable to retrieve the cubs timely,attacking and cannibalizing newborns.Furthermore,while maternal behavior is an important criterion for assessing individuals,due to the low heritability of maternal behavioral traits,it is challenging to make an accurate scientific evaluation solely from a genetic perspective.Instead,when conducting maternal behavior assessment,the overall influence of management,environment,and other factors on maternal behavior should be analyzed in combination with behavioral epigenetics.Therefore,this paper systematically reviews the effects of genetics,nutrition level,environment status,daily management,and other factors such as disease on mammalian maternal behavior,and highlights endocrine disruptors such as plasticizers,heavy metals,and other residues in the environment,as well as electromagnetic and light pollution as new triggers of abnormal maternal behavior.What′s more,the article also presents a new prospect on how to improve and breed excellent maternal behavioral traits in animal production and wildlife conservation based on genetics and integrated optimization of nutrition,environment,and management measures.The paper can provide a reference for the next in-depth investigation of the factors influencing and regulating mechanisms of mammalian maternal behavior,and provide a basis for the prevention and improvement of abnormal maternal behavior as well as the enhancement of maternal care of animals.At the same time,it can also provide a certain reference for the exploration of ecological and healthy breeding,and the improvement of the welfare of mothers and newborns.
作者
韩成全
张鹏宇
王慧
魏彪
李智远
季久秀
初美强
杨燕
吕慎金
HAN Chengquan;ZHANG Pengyu;WANG Hui;WEI Biao;LI Zhiyuan;JI Jiuxiu;CHU Meiqiang;YANG Yan;LÜShenjin(College of Agriculture and Forestry Science,Linyi University,Linyi 276000,China;Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Linyi 276000,China;Chongqing Angel Maternity Hospital,Chongqing 400000,China)
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2024年第8期3107-3120,共14页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(31802105,31872398)
2019年山东省教育厅青创人才引育计划项目(2019025)。
关键词
哺乳动物
母性行为
影响因素
研究进展
新诱因
mammals
maternal behavior
influencing factors
research progress
new causative factors
