摘要
【目的】草原生态保护补助奖励是促进草原生态保护、助力农牧民增收的有效手段,其制定标准是否合理直接影响政策实施效果。《西藏自治区第三轮草原生态保护补助奖励政策实施方案(2021—2025年)》确定了补奖标准,本文旨在评估其合理性,提出调整建议,为西藏自治区“草奖政策”提质增效、草原生态保护和提升农牧民收入提供依据,为类似地区完善草原生态补奖标准体系提供科学的评估方法参考。【方法】以西藏自治区山南市为案例,基于2016—2020年草地资源承载力、草畜平衡分析,采用机会成本法估算补奖标准,与第三轮“草奖政策”制定的标准进行对比评价,提出调整建议。【结果】①山南市草地质量分布具有空间异质性,草地总体质量高于西藏自治区平均水平,2020年理论载畜量为321.25万头,实际载畜量为338.75万头,共计超载17.5万头;②2016—2020年,山南市实际畜牧总量下降了2%,其中6个区县畜牧量呈下降趋势,当前草畜平衡状态为:措美县、贡嘎县、加查县、乃东区、曲松县与桑日县6区县处于超载状态,错那县、洛扎县、扎囊县处于载畜不足状态,其余3区县均处于草畜平衡状态;③政府第二轮草原补助奖励实施方案中发布的载畜量与本文测算出的理论载畜量相比,除了错那县、洛扎县和加查县,其余区县基本相符;④政策制定的第三轮补奖标准较为科学合理,本文测算的草畜平衡奖励标准和禁牧补助标准分别为2.6和8.0元/亩,比政府标准分别高出0.1和0.5元/亩。【结论】第三轮草原生态保护补奖标准相对比较合理,结合补奖政策文件的原则和目的,建议山南市草地生态保护补助奖励进一步提高标准,且根据区县发展合理分配生态补奖,提升农牧民收益,增强政策激励作用,全面发挥新一轮的生态保护效应。
[Objective]Grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward is an effective means to promote grassland ecological protection and help farmers and herders to increase their income,and the standards of subsidy and reward directly affect the effects of policy implementation.The Third Round Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy and Reward Policy Implementation Program of the Tibet Autonomous Region(2021-2025)determined the subsidy and reward standards.This study aimed to assess its soundness,put forward some adjustment suggestions,provide a basis for the quality and efficiency improvement of the policy,grassland ecological protection,and enhancement of farmers and herders’income,and develop a scientific assessment method for the improvement of grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward standard system in similar areas.[Methods]Taking Shannan City in Tibet Autonomous Region as an example and based on the analysis of the carrying capacity of grassland resources and the grass-livestock balance in 2016-2020,the opportunity cost method was used to estimate the subsidy and reward standards,and a comparative evaluation was made with the standards formulated in the third round of the policy to put forward the adjustment suggestions.[Results]The research results indicate that:(1)Grassland quality in Shannan City showed spatial heterogeneity.The overall quality of the grasslands is higher than the average level of that in Tibet,the theoretical carrying capacity in 2020 was 3.2125×106 heads,the actual livestock number was 3.3875×106 heads,and the overstocking number was 1.75×105 heads;(2)In 2016-2020,the actual number of livestock in Shannan City decreased by 2%,and livestock numbers declined in six districts and counties.At present,Tsomei County,Gongga County,Jiacha County,Naidong District,Qusong County,and Sangri County are in the state of overstocking,Cuona County,Luozha County and Zhanang County are in the state of understocking,and the remaining three districts and counties are in the state of reasonable balance;(3)The livestock carrying capacity published in the government’s second round grassland subsidy and reward policy implementation program is largely consistent with the theoretical livestock carrying capacity measured in this study(except in Cuona,Luozha,and Jiacha Counties);(4)The third round policy formulation of the subsidy and reward standards is scientific and reasonable.This study suggested that the grassland-livestock balance reward standard and grazing forbidden subsidy standard should be 2.6 and 8.0 yuan/mu,respectively,higher than the government standards of 0.1 and 0.5 yuan/mu.[Conclusion]The third round grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward standards are relatively reasonable.Considering the principles and purposes of the subsidy and reward policy document,we recommend that the city should further increase the subsidy and reward standards,maintain reasonable distribution of ecological subsidy and reward according to the development level of the districts and counties to enhance farmers and herders’income,and enhance the role of the policy incentives in the new round of ecological protection effort.
作者
李洪庆
杨瑀
李文麒
刘申怡
张俊红
LI Hongqing;YANG Yu;LI Wenqi;LIU Shenyi;ZHANG Junhong(Land Resources Management,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China;Jiangsu Sudi Renhe Planning and Design Company,Nanjing 210019,China)
出处
《资源科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第8期1662-1675,共14页
Resources Science
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41801216)。
关键词
草原生态保护补助奖励政策
草地资源承载力
草畜平衡
机会成本法
载畜量
西藏自治区山南市
Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy and Reward Policy
grassland resources carrying capacity
grassland-livestock balance
opportunity cost method
livestock carrying capacity
Shannan City,Tibet
