摘要
中人作为乡村经济交易的参与者,在牵线买卖双方、协商谈判、契约签订、纠纷解决等交易过程中扮演着重要角色,有效降低了经济交易的成本。对清水江文书的统计显示,中人报酬以货币支付形式为主。酬金虽然不固定,一般在一分至一两之间,但也存在着传统支付习惯的特点,最常见为五分、一钱及三分。酬金的支付方并不固定,买卖双方兼而有之。交易额的大小,中人作用、来源及其人数都是影响酬金的因素。此外,酬金占交易额的比例在0.3%—16.7%之间,以4%及以下者为多数。该占比总体与官中费用比率、契税相近,是清人观念里民间中人与官方认定作用相当的体现。综合来看,获得报酬并不是中人参与的主要目的,展现出乡村经济交易受传统宗法影响的特点。中人作为一类非正式的社会控制角色,与特定的经济、社会条件相匹配,是清政府公共品供给能力不足时的补充。民间中人报酬记录存在于清代各时段文书,说明清代法律制度对民间交易习俗的适应度较高,这也构成其能长期延续存在的因素之一。
As a participant in rural economic transactions,Zhongren(an intermediary party)played an important role in connecting buyers and sellers,negotiation,contract signing,dispute resolution and other transactions,which effectively reduced the cost of economic transactions.Data from Qingshuijiang documents showed that the remuneration of zhongren was mainly in the form of monetary payment.Although the sum of the remuneration was not fixed,it generally ranged from one fen to one liang(1 liang equals 100 fen),but there was also traditional payment practice.The most common were five fen,one qian and three fen(1 qian equals 10 fen).The payer of the fee was not fixed,which could be the buyer,the seller,or both.The factors that could affect the remuneration were the transaction amount,the role of zhongren,the source and the number of people involved.Additionally,the proportion of remuneration to the transaction was between 0.3%and 16.7%and 4%and below was the most frequent.The proportion was similar to the official expense ratio and deed tax,which embodied the role of folk and official identification in the concept of people in the Qing Dynasty.On the whole,obtaining remuneration was not the main purpose of zhongren’s participation,which showed that rural economic transactions were influenced by traditional patriarchal laws.With an informal social control role,the existence of zhongren matched with specific economic and social conditions,which was a supplement when the public goods supply capacity of the Qing Dynasty was insufficient.There were remuneration records of zhongren in the documents of different periods of the Qing Dynasty.They indicated that the legal system of the Qing Dynasty had high adaptability to the folk trading customs,which also constituted one of the factors for its long-term existence and continuation.
作者
梁宏志
冉旭
LIANG Hong-zhi;RAN Xv(School of economics,Guizhou University of Finance and Economics,Guiyang,550025)
出处
《云南社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第6期149-156,共8页
Social Sciences in Yunnan
基金
国家社会科学基金项目“民国时期西南地区信用票据研究”(项目号:21BZS133)的阶段性成果。
关键词
清水江文书
中人
乡村经济交易
清代
酬金
Qingshuijiang Documents
Zhongren
Rural economic transactions
Qing Dynasty
Remuneration
