摘要
合同双方无约定或约定不明时,如何通过查明当事人表示行为来确定其意思,关键在于对双方的意思表示如何解释。存在意思表示瑕疵的交易,因其可能被撤销而更值得关注。古玩交易这个特定的场域,恰为全面探讨意思表示瑕疵提供了一个极为典型的场景。根据古玩交易不保真的行业惯例和购买人实物查看的传统,一旦购买则不能认定购买人意思表示有瑕疵,更不能以此否定合同效力。在双方当事人未明确买卖标的时,不存在意思表示瑕疵,也不存在意思表示不自由与不一致的问题。古玩交易因其独特的交易习惯而具有较大的特殊性,若当事人未对交易的“古玩”加以明确,则按照无约定或约定不明处理,适用交易习惯而认定不构成意思表示瑕疵,相应的合同有效。如果当事人对“古玩”有明示的意思表示,则可视情况认定为欺诈或重大误解。欺诈与重大误解不属于竞合关系,应当特定化其制度内容,将因欺诈导致的错误排除在重大误解制度之外。“古玩”交易中一般情况下并无显失公平制度的适用余地。
When there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear between the two parties,how to find out the intention of the party which lies in the behavior would focus on the interpreting of the wishes of both parties.Transactions with defected declaration are more noteworthy because they may be reversed.The antique trading provides a very typical scene for a comprehensive discussion of the defected declaration.According to the commercial practice of self-assumption of risks and the tradition of the purchaser's actual inspection in antique transactions,once the contract is concluded,there is no defected declaration,nor can it deny the validity of the contract.When the two parties do not specify the subject matter of contract,there is no defected declaration,and there is no problem of freedom and inconsistency in the declaration of will.Antique transactions have great particularity due to their unique trading habits.If the parties do not clarify the"antiques"of the transaction,they will be dealt as no agreement or unclear agreement,and the transaction habits will be applied to determine that it does not constitute a defect in the declaration and the contract is valid.If the parties clearly indicate their declaration of will,it may be deemed as fraudulent declaration or significant misconception.Errors caused by fraud declaration should be excluded from the significant misconception system.There is generally no room for the application of unfairness system in the transaction of"antiques".
作者
曹伟
CAO Wei(School of Civil and Commercial Law,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)
出处
《现代法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期19-34,共16页
Modern Law Science
基金
教育部重大攻关项目《民法典民族性表达与制度供给研究》(21JZD033)的阶段性成果。
关键词
意思表示瑕疵
古玩
文物
欺诈
重大误解
显失公平
defected intention expression
antiques
cultural relic
cheat
major misunderstandings
obviously unfair
