摘要
轴辐协议是一种特殊形式的垄断协议,它将当事人借助纵向关系而实现的横向共谋比喻为一个自行车轮。轴辐协议由三要素构成:纵向参与者构成轴心(hub),横向参与者构成辐条(spokes),各辐条间的意思联络构成轮缘(rim)。轴辐协议不是一个横向协议和多个纵向协议的相加,本质上是横向垄断协议。证明轴辐协议的存在,关键是证明辐条之间存在横向共谋,这需要借助间接证据。在责任承担上,作为辐条的横向竞争者需为轴辐协议负责,轴心主体的责任则需根据其身份差异及其在轴辐协议中的作用大小而有所区别。
In anti-monopoly law(AML),a hub-and-spoke conspiracy is a special form of monopoly agreement in which a horizontal collusion organized by a firm among competitors through vertical relationship is compared to a bicycle wheel.A hub-and-spoke conspiracy consists of three elements:a vertical participant(the hub),some horizontal competitors(the spokes),and the agreement among the spokes(the rim).A hub-and-spoke conspiracy is not the sum of one horizontal agreement and several vertical agreements;it is essentially a horizontal conspiracy.To prove the existence of a hub-and-spoke conspiracy,the key is to prove the horizontal collusion between spokes,which requires circumstantial evidence.In terms of liability,the spokes should be liable for the conspiracy,while the liability of the hub should be determined according to its identity and role in the conspiracy.
出处
《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第1期25-36,共12页
Journal of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
基金
国家社会科学基金重大委托项目“创新发展中国特色社会主义法治理论体系研究”(17@ZH014)的阶段性成果。
关键词
轴辐协议
轮缘标准
默示共谋
协同行为
hub-and-spoke conspiracies
the rim requirement
tacit collusion
concerted practices
