摘要
20世纪中期以来,随着特殊管辖规则体系发展成为处理跨国纠纷的主力,过度管辖日益被边缘化。各种国际协调机制直接或间接地排除过度管辖;承认与执行外国判决的实践也不同程度地否定过度管辖,但过度管辖并未走向终结,国际协调机制很难完全排除过度管辖。过度管辖仍然需要承担充当兜底条款、孕育具体单边国际管辖规则、确保特殊管辖连结点的解释处于合理范围等现实功能。因此,废除过度管辖的时机远未成熟,当务之急是调和其必要性与不合理性之间的矛盾。相较立法限制,司法调控更为可取。常用的司法调控方法包括通过体系解释,将过度管辖的适用顺位置于最末;对原告资格、管辖连结点、案件与法院地联系进行限制性解释;通过非方便法院原则个案裁量。我国司法实践对过度管辖的滥用并不严重,但存在误用现象,未来应在适用顺位上明确将其作为兜底规则,并限定原告资格,就其正当性加强裁判说理。
Exorbitant jurisdiction is a kind of unilateral rule for international jurisdiction,which was established when national states began to rise.The features of exorbitant jurisdiction include weakening the connection between disputes and forum state,while expanding the scope of coverage to maximum・When international cooperation was lacking,exorbitant jurisdiction was a kind of necessary approach for protecting national interests,and interests of domestic parties.After the mid-20th century,within domestic law,exorbitant ju・risdiction has been marginalized day by day,because specific jurisdiction has become the main role to deal with cross-border disputes,which is a system constituted by objective and neutral rules.Under international context,exorbi・tant jurisdiction is eliminated by international coordination mechanism directly or indirectly;and the states practice on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments also gives exorbitant jurisdiction negative evaluation to some degree.However,exorbitant jurisdiction does not go to the end.It is hard for international coordination mechanism to eliminate exorbitant jurisdiction comprehensively and universally.Within domestic law,exorbitant jurisdiction still undertakes functions such as playing the role of miscellaneous provision,fostering concrete unilateral international jurisdiction rules,and ensuring the interpretation for connecting factors of specific jurisdictional rules within proper scope.Therefore,the timing for repealing exorbitant jurisdiction has not ripened yet.What should be done now is mitigating the tension between its necessity and unreasonableness・Comparing to limitation from legislature,judicial control is a better way.Regular approaches of judicial control among comparative law include putting the application order of exorbitant jurisdiction at the end place;restrict・ing the interpretation for qualification of plaintiff,connecting factors,and connection between disputes and forum state;and applying forum non conveniens in individual case.Exorbitant jurisdiction is not severely abused in Chinese judicial practice,but there are misuse cases.In the future,Chinese judicial prac・tice should put exorbitant jurisdiction on the position of miscellaneous provi・sion,limit the qualification of plaintiff,and enhance justification of judgments.
出处
《武大国际法评论》
CSSCI
2019年第5期41-62,共22页
Wuhan University International Law Review
关键词
过度管辖
特殊管辖
判决承认与执行
限制性解释
exorbitant jurisdiction
specific jurisdiction
recognition and enforcement of judgments
restrictive intepretation
