摘要
新疆地区是开展全新世环境考古研究的理想地域之一。对新疆地区史前文化时空分布特征研究表明,史前遗址分布空间增大趋势明显,特别是早期铁器时代,沿天山北坡,自东向西不断向西天山扩展。史前文化的分布与环境变化存在密切关系,史前文化演化与环境演变在时间上同步。对比该区域环境演变研究结果表明,新石器时代遗址的分布与气候冷、干,环境恶化有关,早期铁器时代的向西扩展是在环境适宜背景下进行的。新疆地区史前文化发展、空间扩张与环境变化高度相关,气候变化是引起这种变化的深层次原因。因此,气候是引起新疆地区史前文化变迁的重要因素,对文化的分布、传播等产生了重要影响。经过学者们近20年的努力,该区域史前环境考古研究取得了重大成就,文化演化的环境背景逐渐清晰,数字环境考古也有所涉及,人地关系综合集成研究取得一系列重要进展。但新疆地区史前环境考古研究仍然存在较大提升空间,受研究材料和研究方法限制,缺乏高分辨率古环境重建研究成果,全新世环境演变过程仍有争议;侧重自然环境变化对人类文明进程影响研究,人类对环境变化特别是对气候突变事件所做的积极响应,人类反作用于自然环境产生的环境效应研究略显单薄;聚落环境考古也有待突破。另外,随着“3S”技术在环境考古领域的应用,人地关系数字化、模型化研究迫切需要更多学者加入研究队伍中来。
Xinjiang is one of the ideal area to carry out studies of Holocene environmental archeology in China. The study on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of prehistoric culture in Xinjiang showed the development and spatial expansion of prehistoric culture in Xinjiang were highly correlated with environmental changes, and climate change was the underlying cause for the changes. The distribution space of prehistoric sites had been increasing obviously during the Holocene, especially in the Early Iron Age, when it continuously expanded to the western Tianshan Mountains from east to west along the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains. The evolution of prehistoric culture and environmental changes was synchronized in time. By matching the research results of environmental evolution in this region, it revealed that the distribution of Neolithic sites was related to a cold-dry climate and environmental deterioration, whereas the westward expansion during the Early Iron Age was occurring under a suitable environment. Therefore, climate was an important factor that caused the changes of prehistoric culture in Xinjiang, and had an important impact on the distribution and spread of culture. After nearly 20 years of efforts by scholars, great achievements have been made in prehistoric environmental archaeology in this region. The environmental background of cultural evolution in Xinjiang has gradually illuminated with involvement of digital environmental archaeology. A series of important research advances have been made on the comprehensive integration of human-land relations. Unfortunately, there is still much room for improvement in prehistoric environmental archaeology research. Due to the limitation of research materials and methods, the research results of high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstruction are lacking, and the Holocene environmental evolution process is still controversial. Much researches had concerned about the impact of natural environment changes on the process of human civilization, i.e. the positive response of human beings to environmental changes, especially to abrupt climate changes, but the research on the environmental effects of human reaction to natural environment is slightly weak. Archaeology of settlement environment also needs to be broken through. In addition, with the application of “3S” technology in the field of environmental archaeology, more scholars are urgently needed to join the research team in the study of digitalization and modeling of human-land relationship.
作者
姚付龙
朱诚
马春梅
YAO Fulong;ZHU Cheng;MA Chunmei(College of Biology and Geography, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, Xinjiang, China;School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)
出处
《山地学报》
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第4期475-487,共13页
Mountain Research
基金
伊犁师范大学博士科研启动基金项目(2018YSBS02)
新疆维吾尔自治区高校科研计划项目(XJEDU2018Y044)
国家自然科学基金项目(41961013、41571179)~~
关键词
全新世
环境考古
人类响应
环境效应
新疆地区
Holocene
environmental archaeology
human responses
environmental effects
Xinjiang area
