6McKinsey Global Institute, Big Data: The next frontier for innovation, competition and productivity [ R], May 2011: 19. http: // www. mckinsey, corn/insights/business_ technology/big_ data the_ next_ frontier for innovation.
7Matthew Winkler. The Bloomberg Way: A Guide for Reporters and Editors. U.S. : Bloomberg Press, 2008: 109.
8( USA ) Stuart K.Card, Jock D.Mackinlay, Ben Shneiderman,《Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think 》, Morgan KaY, 第15页,1999年版.