摘要
中国是果树产业第一大国,如何提质增效,已是果树产业实现可持续发展亟待解决的问题。水肥一体化是将节水灌溉与按需供肥相结合的高效水肥利用技术,是解决该问题的有效途径。笔者简要介绍了果树水肥方面存在的问题,并比较了不同灌溉施肥方式的优缺点,同时阐述了水肥一体化条件下水分和养分在土壤中分布运移规律,详细剖析了氮磷钾主要养分的迁移转化规律。分别从根系、叶片、新梢及叶面积指数等方面综述了水肥一体化技术对果树生长发育的影响,并重点探讨了其对果树增产,提质增效等方面的应用效果,进而揭示了肥水一体化技术的稳定性和通用性。最后提出了果树水肥一体化技术目前存在的问题,进而探索了未来可能的研究热点和发展重点:以土壤有机质为核心的水肥资源高效利用机制的研究;水溶性肥料配方目标多样化和功能综合化同步推进;研究不同果树生育期的营养需求、生长环境的养分状况,建立通用的施肥模型,并制定合理的水肥调控方案;建立完善技术服务体系,提供果树完全解决方案。
China is the world’s largest producer of fruits. It is an urgent issue for the sustainable development of the fruit tree industry on how to improve the efficiency of resource use, to realize ecodevelopment, to improve the quality of fruits, to increase the income of farmers, to rejuvenate the countryside.The technology of fertigation replenish fertilizer and water to the soil of crop roots uniformly and accurately with a small flow, so that the nearby soil often maintains appropriate moisture and nutrients, so that the crop nutrients are maximally absorbed. This new technology can reduce the resistance of diffusion and mass flow, and create a stable root environment for crops. It can also realize the interaction between water and fertilizer, and effectively control the quantity and frequency of irrigation water. Meanwhile, according to the soil nutrient content, crop nutrition characteristics and fertilizer requirements,regulate the mode of fertilization, so that the soil around the roots always maintain the best supply and demand status, and can improve the efficiency of water and fertilizer use. Fertigation may be an effective way to solve this problem. This paper briefly introduces the problems of water and fertilizer in fruit trees, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of different fertigation methods. The drip irrigation can not only significantly increase crop yields and promote crop growth, improve crop quality, increase water and fertilizer use efficiency, but also inhibit soil degradation and ensure that soil microbial activity is at a high level. Therefore, drip irrigation fertilization mode is currently the most widely used and most water-saving irrigation fertilization mode, and has received much attention in the development of modern intensive agriculture. It analyzed the application effects of fertigation technology on fruit trees production, fertilizer efficiency, fruit quality, water and fertilizer saving, and labor productivity etc. The conclusion revealed that the fertigation technology is stable and versatile. And it is concluded that although the investment cost of fertigation technology is high in the initial period, its economic benefits are much higher than that of conventional irrigation and fertilization, and there is still much room for improvement. It is important to reduce the labor intensity and save water and fertilizer resources. At the same time, the distribution and transfer of water and nutrients in soil under fertigation technology conditions were expounded, and the transfer and transformation laws of N, P and K nutrients under the conditions of water and fertilizer integration was also analyzed in detail. From the article, we can understand that the laws of nutrient element migration and transformation in soil and effective utilization of fruit trees have influenced the effective application of water and fertilizer control technologies and the exertion of effects. Therefore, accurately grasp and understand migration and transformation of the nutrient elements under the conditions of fertigation technology is of great significance. Through literature review and analysis, the effects of water and fertilizer integration techniques on fruit tree growth and development were reviewed from the aspects of roots, leaves, new shoots and leaf area index, and the increase of fruit yield, water and fertilizer utilization rate and fruit quality improvement were emphasized.The application effect of the other aspects reveals the stability and versatility of the fertilizer-water integration technology. Then, it also proposed that fertigation had its own limitations in terms of lack of specificity of water-soluble products, lack of professional management personnel, and imperfect supporting measures. At present, this technology is lacking in combination with soil water and fertilizer status and crop characteristics and scarcely be comprehensive considerations from the perspective of farmland ecology. Finally, potential research hotspots and development priorities in the future were explored. The research on the efficient utilization mechanism of water and fertilizer resources with the core of soil organic matter will become a key breakthrough point for further increasing the crop yield and the efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization. It is a major scientific issue that needs to be solved urgently to achieve sustainable development of agriculture and ecological environment. Then, the diversification of the objectives of the water-soluble fertilizer formula and the integration of functions are promoted simultaneously. The focus of this study is on the nutrient requirements of different fruit tree growth periods and the nutrient status of the growing environment. At the same time, the rules for the transfer and transformation of nutrient elements in different soil conditions are further explored. The amount of fertilizer needed for fruit trees and their growth period are accurately calculated based on the research results. For the allocation, establish a general fertilization model, and based on the field experiment, find suitable irrigation levels and fertilization levels for different regions and different fruit trees,and establish the most important irrigation volume, irrigation period, and optimal level that affect yield and fruit quality. Water and fertilizer coupling model, formulate a reasonable water and fertilizer regulation program. In the future, it is also necessary to establish a complete technical service system and provide a complete solution for fruit trees. Therefore, adopting new technologies for fertigation, improving the efficiency of the use of fertilizer resources, improving the quality of fruits, increasing the income of farmers, developing green, and revitalizing the countryside are the only way for the development of fruit trees in China.
作者
刘思汝
石伟琦
马海洋
王国安
陈清
徐明岗
LIU Siru;SHI Weiqi;MA Haiyang;WANG Guo-an;CHEN Qing;XU Minggang(Hainan Tropical Crops Nutrition Key Laboratory/South Subtropical Crops Research Institute,CATAS,Zhanjiang 524091,Guangdong,China;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China)
出处
《果树学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第3期366-384,共19页
Journal of Fruit Science
基金
国家科技支撑计划(2014BAD16B06)
耕地培育技术国家工程实验室开放基金(201706)
热区耕地土壤改良科技创新团队(1630062017019)
中国热带农业科学院基本科研业务费专项资金(1630062018012)
关键词
果树
水肥一体化
增产增效
迁移转化
Fruit tree
Fertigation
Increase production and efficiency
Transformation
