摘要
旅游作为人类的普遍行为,在今天的商业化中达到了空前的规模,却逐渐丧失了其本真。通过思考"旅游"的内涵以及当代商业化旅游业存在的问题,文章区分了人类"天性旅游"和"商业性旅游"两个基本的旅游形态,探讨了"旅游"对于人类学的意义以及旅游人类学的研究旨趣,检讨了以旅游业作为研究对象的局限所在。文章指出人类的天性文化是人类天性旅游的本质内涵,文化自由是天性旅游得以实现的基础,保证文化持有者的主体性,实现游客和东道主的"共主体"地位,是文化自由的条件。同时,商业化和市场化应该服从人类自由情性的发展,而不是让旅游成为商业化的帮凶和牺牲品。
Travel activities, as a global, universal human practice, have reached an unprecedented scale in terms of commercialization. However, people have gradually lost their original desires and aspirations related to travel. What exactly is travel and what is its significance to human beings？ How should we cognize it from an anthropological perspective？ Based on popular definitions of ＂travel＂, there is a process of transformation from ＂free travel＂ to commercialization of the tourism industry. First, the existing definition of tourism only incorporates the superficial and behavioral meaning, but fails to ask the connotation behind tourists＇ behavior. Second, in ignoring the cultural form of tourism, the key is whether the implicit cultural connotations are present. Third, tourism-related phenomena, including the impact on, and even destruction of, local culture should be clearly stated. Fourth, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism definition sought to emphasize that travel involves no profitable activities, yet reality is inundated with commercial tourism. Although travel is not for the intent of making money, tourists have unknowingly become an integral part of the business of ＂money＂. Therefore, it is difficult to separate tourists＇ travel behavior. The essence of travel is a sort of ＂nature freedom＂ which includes the challenge of surpassing something, the experience of merging with nature, the pursuit of aesthetics, and the restoration of one＇ s nature of frugality and freedom. To the contrary, the understanding of travel has tended toward commercial ＂tourism＂. Finding how to make commerce serve the purpose of natural travel, instead of the other way around, is a substantial challenge that humans need to face and to consider seriously. Accordingly, travel has fallen within the field of anthropology. Based on the reflection of the concept of tourism, this study distinguishes ＂natural travel＂ from ＂business tourism＂--considered as two basic kinds of tours. Meanwhile, it discusses the significance of tourism in anthropology and the importance of studies in the anthropology of travel, as well as the limit of the study object under review. First, the study points out that free affection is the essential implication of natural travel, and cultural freedom is natural travel＇ s foundation. Second, there are certain necessary conditions to guarantee cultural freedom that ensure the ＂co-subjectivity＂ of hosts and vips and ensure the subjectivity of the party in possession of the culture. Third, commercialization and marketization should comply with free affection, not the other way around： tourism become an accomplice and victim of commercialization. As a ＂cultural broker＂, anthropologists have the responsibility to consider the meaning of ＂tourism＂ and the bias of contemporary commercial tourism so as to understand the mistaken sense of ＂commercialization＂ of human nature and restore to travel the true meaning of ＂nature tourism＂. The sentiment of nature tourism certainly also depends on further enrichment, especially in terms of connection with relevant policy levels, to put forward a feasible mode of human tourism. Anthropologists who adhere to the basic principles have certain responsibilities. First, protect the host culture＇ s ecology with full respect for community participation rights in the process of tourism development. Second, improve the community＇ s cultural confidence and strengthen the capability for community participation by using local knowledge systems. This can be accomplished, for instance, by creating a detailed list of cultural heritage in the process of developing community tourism. Third, advocate a ＂sharing economics＂ model based on common ownership in small communities; that is, operating together, sharing, and making decisions together.
作者
张小军
吴毅
ZHANG Xiaojun WU Yi(Department of Sociology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China School of International Tourism and Culture, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China)
出处
《旅游学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第7期119-126,共8页
Tourism Tribune
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国少数民族文化生态研究”资助(11AZD070)~~
关键词
旅游
人类天性文化
天性旅游
文化自由
旅游人类学
travel
human natural culture
natural travel
cultural freedom
anthropology of tourism
