摘要
研究当下认知是认知科学的前沿课题。早期的认知革命有三个默认的命题:认知独立观、人脑软硬件模型观、情感策略性排除观。随着研究的深入,研究者开始挑战这三个默认命题,引发认知革命内部的革新,开始了身构心智/认知的研究,研究当下认知正是革新的一部分。本文旨在探索多模态感官系统支撑下的当下认知。本文的研究策略是从当下认知的上位——当下亲历入手,把当下认知跟一生的成长与发展结合起来。人的一生,从娘胎到坟墓,在不停地做当下亲历与认知,产生巨大的数据。本文提出研究当下亲历与认知的3E模型和大数据公式(the(dimensional)self{…{}…}),指出当下亲历与认知的四原则以及当下认知的四个基本属性。本文运用贴真建模的方法对当下亲历与认知做实证性研究,通过新生婴儿啼哭-看护人安慰的音视频真实语料的语用分析演示该方法。
This paper presents a framework for investigating the lifespan development of situated cognition. The experiencer experiences the internal and external environments to give birth to personalized experiences. The experiencer-experiencing-experience （ called 3E Model） is lifelong and non-stop from womb to tomb. Starting from the fetal hearing of the mother＇s voice at about the 6-month gestation, the non-stop experiencing gives rise to big data that are developmentally and integratively accumulated. Situated cognition, the essential part of experiencing, plays a vital role in this lifelong development. The experiencer＇s experiencing is underlined by four principles： the Principles of （1）Mulfimodality and Saturatedness, （2） Particulars, （3） Unique Occurrences, and （4） Irreversibility. Situated cognition, while governed by the four principles, has four derivative intrinsic properties, namely temporal hnearity （ i.e. arrow of time）, abruptive accumulation, self-organization, and emergent breakthroughs. Thanks to these properties, lifelong development is best treated as a dynamic complex system that is ever changing, developing, and abrupt from time to time. The ever-experiencing experiencer, engaged in situated cognition, and conceived of as dynamic complex systems, is approached to by way of simulative modeling, with the （dimensional） self { …{ …] …] as the fundamental data formula, that is, the lifelong experiencing and situated cognition is to fill in this formula with data, and the lifelong big data comprise all the data derived from all the filled-in formulas. There are three general constructs of self {…}, the experiencing-self {…}, the meta-self {…}, and the institutionalized general-self {…}. The experiencing-self is engaged in both online and/or offiine experiencing and cognition. It is the most dynamic part of the whole person experiencer. The meta-self, i.e., the person reflecting upon his or her own experience and relations with others, emerges in the childhood, and is subject to loss due to disease （ e.g., Alzheimer＇s disease; AD）. The institutionalized general-self gains its properties and data from the social and cultural environment. The investigation is supported by the Spoken Chinese Corpora of Situated Discourse （SCCSD） that contain andio-video recorded samples from the first-day newborn, to teenagers, to adults and to the aging AD patients. The paper provides a sample analysis demonstrating how audio-video streams are segmented and annotated in multilayered ways which correspond to the multi-dimensional selves under examination. Both experiencing and cognition are framed and enabled by multiple sensory organs with the skin being the largest. The skin organ provides the person with a biological boundary between the inside and the outside, and between you and me. With this boundary as the reference point, the person is surrounded with sensory fields, the visual being the most distant, and the taste the closest. The objects or signals in these fields are experienced to give rise to what Uexkiill （2010 [ 1931]） terms Umwelt. The experiencer produces in tandem an Innenweh, i.e., the inner world, the counterpart of the Umwelt that is meaningful to the experiencer itself. In animal cognition, the relation between the Umweh and the Innenwelt is biosemiotic, and is assumed to be operative only in situ. In human cognition, on the other hand, there is another superimposed layer, what Deely（2001） calls Lebenswelt, i.e., a world constructed via natural language. The human newborn has the Umweh and the Innenwelt only constructed via its immature sensori-motor systems. Its Lebensweh emerges as its postnatal experience and cognition develop to reach a breakthrough. The paper reviews the relevant literature in tandem with its theoretical exploration. Among the positions reviewed is Chomsky＇s view that the postnatal experience plays only a triggering role in language acquisition. The paper reaches the same view as Chomsky＇s （2002 [ 2000] ） that language is amodal, that is, it transcends all sensory modalities. However, while Chomsky holds that the innate language faculty is rich and the postnatal input is impoverished, the paper argues for the opposite, that is, the innate language faculty is impoverished, and the postnatal experience is rich and saturated.
出处
《当代语言学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第4期475-513,共39页
Contemporary Linguistics
