摘要
排污许可是控制污染物排放总量一种有效的制度。总结了发达国家和地区排污许可证制度的实施方式和特点:欧盟主要以综合污染防治(IPPC)作为支柱法规,基于最佳可行技术(BAT)约束各成员国污染物排放量;日本的排污许可是根据不同行业和设施规定各种污染物的控制标准值,结合生产工艺和污水处理技术,最终决定污染物排放控制量;美国实行"基于水质标准"与"基于技术标准"相结合的NPDES(national pollutant discharge elimination system)排污许可体系。现阶段,我国的排污许可证制度主要采取总量控制与浓度控制相结合的方式,但在实施过程中存在国家总量控制与容量总量不衔接,行业污水处理技术限值与环境容量不匹配等问题。通过比较各发达国家排污许可证制度,并结合我国排污许可证制度的特点提出了设计思路与建议:以"自上而下"与"自下而上"相结合为基本原则;结合目标总量控制、行业总量控制和容量总量控制;采取源头治理、全过程污染防控措施构建我国排污许可证制度体系。
The emission permit system is an effective way to control the total amount of pollutants. The paper summarizes the modes and characteristics of the emission permit system of the developed countries and regions. The EU adopts IPPC as the supporting regulations and constraints emission reduction targets of member states based on the best available techniques（ BATs）. The emission permit in Japan has emission standards developed based on the pollutant total control,and determines the control standard values for various pollutants according to different industries and facilities and decides the emission control amount of pollutions on the basis of production processes and wastewater treatment technologies. The United States implements the national pollutant discharge elimination system（ NPDES） emission permit system in combination of ＂ water quality-based standards＂ and ＂ technology-based standards＂. At the present,China＇ s emission permit system takes the model of the combination of total amount control and concentration control,with the problems of mismatching of the state＇s total amount control,enterpriseswastewater treatment technology limits and environmental capacity,etc. By comparing the emission permit systems in various foreign countries and in combination with the characteristics of China＇ s emission permits system,the design ideas and suggestions were proposed,including taking the combination of ＂ top-down＂ and ＂ down-top＂ as the basic principle,integrating targeted total amount control,industry total amount control and capacity total amount control,taking source control and whole-process pollution prevention and control measures to build China＇s emission permit system.
出处
《环境工程技术学报》
CAS
2016年第4期323-330,共8页
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology
基金
污染物总量控制技术体系
绩效评估
宣传教育与信息平台建设(2025003006)
