摘要
竹是中国重要森林资源,利用过程中约有60%~70%的废弃物产生,造成资源的极大浪费。竹废弃物中约含65%的纤维素类物质、23%的木质素以及其他营养成分或功能性成分,可直接利用、传统加工利用和工业化利用,主要产物有材料、生物质燃料、竹炭、竹醋液、药品或保健品、食用菌、肥料、饲料等。今后需加强原料的搜集与预处理、纤维素与木质素等主要成分的充分利用、功能性成分的产品研发、专用设备研发、加工工艺和技术改进、提高产品附加值、精深加工产品研发等方面工作,以利于竹废弃物资源化利用的产业化,真正实现竹资源的＂零＂剩余,全面提升竹的价值和功能。
Bamboo, which is called＂the second forest＂, is one kind of the major forest resources. China ranks first in terms of bamboo species, planting areas, growing forest stock, and bamboo harvests in the world. During the process of bamboo utilization, 60% ~70% of bamboo harvests were removed as residues which included bamboo branches, leaves, shoot apex,joint, skin, tabaxir, sawdust and shoot shell. In order to make full use of bamboo resources and explore new products, many studies on comprehensive utilization of bamboo residues were carried out since 1980. In order to utilize bamboo residues more efficiently, further studies on new technologies of processing bamboo residues are needed and summarized as follows：1） Gathering and rough handling on raw materials. For example, preferential policies, crushing technologies and crushing machinery on bamboo raw materials are needed to encourage farmers to gather harvested or processed bamboo residues.2） Making full use of the major ingredients of bamboo and developing new products on functional components. We should exploit more products from cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin to evaluate the utilization level, and extract lignin from processed bamboo remains to get corresponding lignin products. Besides, many components such as proteins, amino acids,saccharides, alcohols, esters, ketenes and mineral elements could be extracted and then made into favorite products.3） Exploiting new and special machinery for crushing, compressing, moulding, pyrolysising, liquefying, and fermenting to solve the problems from current equipments. These problems are high energy-consuming, heavy wearing, short service life,frequent breakdown and high cost. Utilization and processing technology should be improved also for efficient ways to solve the problems such as thermal degradation of cellulose, poor interface compatibility between cellulose and thermoplastic,cellulose dispersing and flowing difficulty in matrix resins（frequently happened in bamboo-plastic composites processing）,excess emission of formaldehyde from wood-based panels and resin adhesive, low bio-oil yield from pyrolysising or liquefying, high acidity, strong corrosion and lack of stability of bio-oil made from bamboo residues. 4） Promoting added value of bamboo products and exploiting refined processing products of bamboo residues. Bamboo residues could be used to extract many substances such as alcohol, ether, glycerol, saccharides in liquefied bamboo products, and acid, aldehyde,ketone, phenol in bio-oil. Refined liquefying products and high-quality bio-oil could be obtained as well. Finally, these substances could be made into high added value products. In conclusion, full use of bamboo residues is promising, but further study and new technology is urgently needed.
出处
《农业工程学报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第1期236-242,共7页
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
基金
重庆市应用开发计划项目(cstc2013yykf A80014)
国家自然科学基金(31570599)
西南大学资源环境学院本科生科技创新"光炯"培育重大项目(20150103)
关键词
生物质
工程
环境保护
竹
废弃物
资源化利用
biomass
engineering
environmental protection
bamboo
residues
comprehensive utilization
