摘要
蔬菜秸秆和畜禽粪便的无序排放,既污染环境又损失矿质营养,可经过好氧高温堆肥去除病害,转化为理想有机肥料,实现农业废物的资源化利用。生物质炭因其多孔、稳定性以及在环境元素固化稳定化和调节生物活性方面应用广泛,可快速提高堆肥温度,增加生物活性,减少氮素营养损失。以番茄秸秆和鸡粪为原料,添加秸秆炭、泥炭和沸石作为堆肥调理剂,对比生物质炭与其它调理剂添加对番茄秸秆和鸡粪共堆肥系统中腐熟程度以及氮磷钾元素变化的影响和堆肥前后调理剂表面结构和基团的变化,探讨不同调理剂对营养元素变化的影响和机理。结果表明:秸秆炭处理升温最快,7d即达到最高温56℃,最高温比其他处理高10℃以上。堆肥结束时,添加秸秆炭、泥炭和沸石以及对照组的处理全氮增加量分别为91.67%,90.91%,54.78%和44.92%;全磷增加量分别为52.36%,29.02%,31.49%和-12.51%,秸秆炭处理对堆体中氮磷元素的影响较其他调理剂高。可见,添加秸秆炭较其他调理剂更能促进堆体有机物的快速降解和腐熟。傅里叶远红外光谱和电镜分析表明,秸秆炭孔隙度高,比表面积大,更有利于堆肥中促腐微生物附着生存,而且堆肥后秸秆炭表面原-OH官能团含量增加,促进了堆肥中氨的固定。因此,生物质炭较其他堆肥调理剂更易促进蔬菜堆肥的腐熟和减少氮磷营养的损失,从而达到堆体快速无害化、减少营养元素损失和促进农业秸秆、畜禽粪便资源化利用的综合目标。
The disordered discharge of vegetable waste and livestock manure can result in environment pollution and mineral nutrition loss of solids.Composting is one of the most promising technologies for organic waste recycling in agriculture.Biochar is widely used because of the high porosity,cation exchange capacity and sorption capacity.It can provide a suitable habitat for microorganisms,promoting their activity in composting and reducing nitrogen losses.In this study,a composting experiment was conducted,in which chicken manure and tomato straw were used as composting materials and straw charcoal,peat and zeolite were added before composting as conditioners,to explore the effects of different composting conditioners on degree of maturity and nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium transformation during composting process.The changes in surface structure and groups of conditioners were also investigated to explore the effect mechanisms of different conditioners on nutrient element transformation.The results showed that composting conditioners could shorten composting duration and obviously decrease nitrogen losses.The temperature of composts with straw charcoal reached 56 ℃ after 7days of incubation,which was 10 ℃ higher than the temperature of composts with other conditioners.At the end of composting,total nitrogen content in conditioner treatments of straw charcoal,peat and zeolite and control treatment increased by 91.67%,90.91%,54.78% and 44.92%,respectively,while total phosphorus content increased by 52.36%,29.02%,31.49%and-12.51%,respectively.Therefore,straw charcoal had greater positive effects on nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium contents of composts than other conditioners,indicating that straw charcoal could promote rapid degradation and maturity of organic matter of composts.The analysis of FTIR and SEM showed that high porosity and high specific surface area of straw charcoal increased the survival of microorganisms.Moreover,the content of hydroxy functional group of straw charcoal increased during composting process,which promoted the stability of ammonium in composting.In conclusion,compared to other conditioners,straw charcoal showed greater effects to promote compost maturity and reduce the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus,which could accelerate composting process,reduce environment pollution and nutrient losses,and promote utilization of straw and manure.
出处
《水土保持学报》
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第3期289-294,共6页
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
基金
河北省自然科学基金(C2012201021)
公益性行业(农业)科研专项(200903011-06)
关键词
番茄秸秆
鸡粪
调理剂
堆肥
元素转化
tomato straw
chicken manure
conditioner
aerobic composting
element transformation
