摘要
黑色旅游是一种独特的旅游形式,其开发实践和理论发展一直存在着诸多争议。尽管相关学术研究已开展20多年,但这一领域所存在的一些根本性理论问题至今仍未解决,许多理论观点尚未形成共识。文章针对黑色旅游研究中的若干理论问题,以动机和内驱力为出发点,试图系统地探讨黑色旅游的本质规定性,厘定黑色旅游与死亡主题之间所具有的特殊而复杂的关系,并借助审美和审丑、悲剧和喜剧、优美和壮美等范畴,在美学框架下拓展了Stone的黑色旅游谱模型,从更广泛和深入的意义上论证了"黑色旅游是一种既符合一般意义上的旅游愉悦体验又属于具有独特的死亡观照特性的旅游类型"这一核心命题,从而将死亡观照这一美学范畴纳入黑色旅游愉悦体验的理论分析视野。在此基础上,重新界定了黑色旅游这一概念,探讨了其类型,梳理了黑色旅游的完整谱系,试图在体验视角下对黑色旅游的概念框架及核心命题作出系统阐释,对国内外黑色旅游研究中的诸多争议给出全面的回应,以期为黑色旅游的开发实践奠定相应的理论基础。
Dark tourism is a unique form of tourism and its development has led to controversy.Although the topic of dark tourism has been studied for more than 20 years, some fundamental issues that exist in this area have still not been integrated and elaborated systematically. Many of the theoretical points of view espoused have not been established through academic consensus. This situation is particularly the case in the domestic tourism academic world, where much of the research on dark tourism involves simple repeats and summaries of foreign academic research with little or no independent thinking and original theoretical contributions. What is even more alarming is that some conclusions about dark tourism in domestic tourism studies are illogical, and the concepts of dark tourism defined are neither systematic nor comprehensive. As a result, they lack conviction and cease to be effective in offering practical guidance to the tourism industry.Based on a fundamental and extensive review of the domestic and international research on dark tourism, our article discusses the essential nature of dark tourism from the point of view of its internal drives and motivations, and clarifies the unique and complex relationship between dark tourism and the topic of death. Furthermore, through the use of categories that include aesthetic judgment, judgment of ugliness, theory of tragedy, theory of comedy, the appreciation of grace and the appreciation of magnificence, this article expands Stone＇s linear dark tourism spectrum model into a framework with four quadrants to illustrate the different combinations of four concepts, namely deep dark tourism, light gray tourism, aesthetic judgment, and the judgment of ugliness under the aegis of aesthetics. This new spectrum offers a classification of dark tourism from both the psychological experience and aesthetic judgment perspectives, and helps us to have a clearer understanding of the motivations and drives behind dark tourism. It clarifies the difference between death perception and real death experience, and explains that the kind of death people are appreciating in dark tourism is not pure biological death, but shows that their appreciation has the meaning of tragic death. Our article then develops a new definition of dark tourism based on the logic law of＂species plus differentia＂, and formulates the core proposition that＂dark tourism is one type of tourism; it conforms with the pleasure experience of tourism in general, but has its own unique characteristics of thanatopsis at the same time＂. Based on the above discussion and analysis, our article finally defines the concept of dark tourism systematically and explains several key points about this concept in detail. In brief, our article makes an attempt to explain the essence of dark tourism based on an exploration of the motivation and drives of dark tourists, and distinguishes between the death people appreciate in dark tourism and the death associated with common life. Furthermore, the article also seeks to systematically explain the conceptual framework of dark tourism and its core propositions from the perspective of the tourism experience, and to respond to many of the controversies discussed in the domestic and international literature. In sum, we expect this article to establish a more rigorous theoretical foundation and to clarify related concepts for the development of dark tourism.
出处
《旅游学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2015年第3期86-94,共9页
Tourism Tribune
关键词
黑色旅游
死亡主题
死亡观照
愉悦性
旅游体验
dark tourism
death theme
death contemplation
pleasure
tourism experience
