摘要
本文展示了荷兰、丹麦和德国如何使得自行车出行成为一种安全、方便和可行的城市出行方式。本文的分析采用了国家层面的数据,也采用了各国大大小小城市的案例研究。要提高自行车分担率,关键在于在交通繁忙的路段和交叉口设置自行车专用设施,并在大部分居住区实施交通静化的举措。荷兰、丹麦和德国为自行车出行划定了大量的专用道、提供了充足的自行车停放设施、将公共交通与自行车交通进行整合设计,对驾车人和骑行者进行系统的交通法规培训教育以及举办一系列推广活动以激发民众对自行车出行的热情并争取广泛的市民支持。除了支持自行车交通的政策和项目,荷兰、丹麦和德国还利用税收和行政手段使得小汽车在中心城区出行十分不便,并且成本昂贵。这些税收和行政手段涵盖了小汽车的拥有、使用和停放环节。另外,严格的土地使用政策促进了紧凑、混合的土地开发,促生了短距离出行并使得自行车出行成为可能。正是多层次相互促进的政策集合的协调实施使得荷兰、丹麦和德国三国在大力发展自行车交通上取得了成功。作为对比,本文也揭示了英国、美国自行车被边缘化,只占全部出行不到1%的困局。
This article shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods. Extensive cycling rights of way in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany are complemented by ample bike parking, full integration with public transport, comprehensive traffic education and training of both cyclists and motorists, and a wide range of promotional events intended tO generate enthusiasm and wide public support for cycling. In addition to their many pro-bike policies and programmes, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany make driving expensive as well as inconvenient in central cities through a host of taxes and restrictions on car ownership, use and parking. Moreover, strict land-use policies foster compact, mixed- use developments that generate shorter and thus more bikeable trips. It is the coordinated implementation of this multifaceted, mutually reinforcing set of policies that best explains the success of these three countries in promoting cycling. For comparison, the article portrays the marginal status of cycling in the UK and the USA, where only about 1% of trips are by bike.
出处
《国际城市规划》
CSSCI
北大核心
2012年第5期26-42,共17页
Urban Planning International
