摘要
今年是第三代稀土永磁——钕铁硼(NdFeB)问世的第25周年。烧结NdFeB磁体的磁能积由当初的35MGOe[1](1983)提升到57.8MGOe[2](2004),现更升至59.6MGOe[3](2006)。各向同性NdFeB粘结磁体的磁能积为9～11MGOe(1987)[4],2001年各向异性NdFeB粘结磁体的磁能积已达25MGOe(2001)[5]。其全球产量1983年不到一吨[6],2008年全球产量达66500吨,若加上粘结磁体的产量5500吨,则已达72000吨。烧结与粘结磁体产量之比为92.4∶7.6。总之,NdFeB磁体产业不论在"质"和"量"上都发生了根本性的变化,它早走出实验室成为全球性的磁体产业。今天全球NdFeB磁体产业的总产值超过40亿美元(40.427亿美元),其中烧结磁体35.807亿美元,粘结磁体4.62亿美元,两者之比为88.6∶11.4。上世纪40年代到60年代主要的商品磁体是铝镍钴(Alnico);自60年代末以来,永磁铁氧体成为主要的商品磁体;估计2010年以后NdFeB将成为主要商品磁体[8]。今天全球的磁体产业正处于十字路口,今后该如何发展,道路应走向何方?为给出正确的答案,必须对全球磁体产业作一番深入和仔细的研究。俗话说"鉴古知今,鉴往知来",今天的磁体产业情况与五年前、十年前大不一样,特别是2005年以来稀土原料价格发生结构性上涨!当前金属钕的价格($40/kg)是2005年($11/kg)的3.6倍。这对本已步履艰难的磁体产业无异于雪上加霜。生产成本的骤然增高和磁体价格的逐年递减,使得发达国家的磁体生产难以维持,被迫转向加工磁体器件和装配等下游产品,磁体生产则转移到发展中国家(主要是中国)。在原材料价格暴涨的压力下,中国的稀土磁体厂家也被迫`进行相应的调整:舍弃低牌号产品,集中开发高端产品,结果产量总体略降,而效益却明显提升,换言之,稀土的有效利用率提高了,产业可持续发展能力增强。基于搜集到的数据从宏观经济的视角综合评述了磁体产业的现状及发展趋势。
2008 is 25th anniversary of Third Generation Rare Earth Magnet--NdFeB since its coming in 1983. The maximum energy products of simered NdFeB have been improved from 35 MGOe in 1983 up to 57.8 MGOe in 2004 and 59.5 MGOe in 2006. Energy products of isotropic NdFeB bonded magnet is 9-11 MGOe（1987） , energy products of anisotropic NdFeB bonded magnet is 25 MGOe（2001） . Global output of sintered NdFeB has been increased from 1 ton and less in 1983 up to 66500 tons in 2008. If bonded NdFeB magnets of 5500 tons arc included, then total output of NdFeB would reach 72000 tons, output share between sintered： bonded = 92.4 ： 7.6. NdFeB magnet industry has been completely changed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Instead of a creature in the laboratory it becomes an industry and global business. Current sales value of global NdFeB magnet industry is 4.0427 billion USD, among which 3.5807 billion USD belongs to sintered NdFeB magnet and the rest of 0.462 billion USD belongs to bonded one, i.e. value shares between them are sintered ： bonded = 88.6 ： 11.4. Alnico was majority of commercial magnets during early 1940s to late 1960s. Ferrite becomes majority since 1970s. It is expected that NdFeB will be majority after 2010 The structure of global magnet industries has been changed greatly since 1983. Today global magnet industry is in a cross road, to which direction should it go further？ In order to give the right answer, one has to study the situation of global magnet industry more deeply and precisely. Current situation of NdFeB magnet industry is not the same as five or ten years ago. Manufacturing cost rise combined with sales price reduction made the magnet production in developed countries extremely difficult. Western magnet manufacturers have been forced to produce down-stream devices, such as magnetic assemblies and devices with higher added value, while their magnet production has been short down or shifted to developing countries including China. Current status of global NdFeB magnet industry is reviewed in present paper from point of view of macro economy and obtained statistics.
出处
《磁性材料及器件》
CAS
CSCD
2008年第6期9-18,39,共11页
Journal of Magnetic Materials and Devices
