1Hunt SA,Abraham WT,Chin MH,et al.ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure):developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation:endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society[J].Circulation,2005,112:e154-235.
2Swedberg K,Cleland J,Dargie H,et al.Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure:executive summary (update 2005):The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology[J].Eur Heart J,2005,26:1115-1140.
4Hjalmarson A,Goldstein S,Fagerberg B,et al.Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality,hospitalizations,and well-being in patients with heart failure:the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF).MERIT-HF Study Group[J].JAMA,2000,283:1295-1302.
5CIBIS Ⅱ Investigators and Committees.The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study Ⅱ (CIBIS-Ⅱ):a randomised trial[J].Lancet,1999,353:9-13.
6Packer M,Coats AJ,Fowler MB,et al.Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure[J].N Engl J Med,2001,344:1651-1658.
7Poole-Wilson PA,Swedberg K,Cleland JG,et al.Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET):randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2003,362:7-13.
8Willenheimer R,van Veldhuisen DJ,Silke B,et al.Effect on survival and hospitalization of initiating treatment for chronic heart failure with bisoprolol followed by enalapril,as compared with the opposite sequence:results of the randomized Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) Ⅲ[J].Circulation,2005,112:2426-2435.
9Pitt B,Williams G,Remme W,et al.The EPHESUS trial:eplerenone in patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction complicating acute myocardial infarction.Eplerenone Post-AMI Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study[J].Cardiovasc Drugs Ther,2001,15:79-87.
1CIBIS- Ⅱ Investigators and committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study2 (CIBIS) : A randomized trial [J] . Lancet, 1999, 353(1946) : 9 - 13.
2Barr CS, Abdelwahab N, Freeman M, et al. QT dispersion and sudden unexpected death in chronic heart failure [J] .Lancet, 1994; 343(8893) : 327 - 329.
3Eichhron E J, Bristow MR. Medical therapy can improve the biologic properties of the chronically failing heart : A new era in the treatment of the heart failure [J] . Circulation, 1996, 94 (9) : 2285 -2296.
4Metra M, Nodari S, Parrlnello G, et aL Marked improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction during long term β - blockade in patients with chronic heart failure: Clinical correlates and prognostic significance[J] . Am heart J, 2003, 145 (2) : 292 -299.
5Brendrop B, Elming H, Jun L, et al. QT dispersion has no prognostic information for patients with advanced congestive heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function [ J] . Circulation, 2001, 103(6) : 831 -835.
