摘要
Liver metastases(LMs)are common in lung cancer.Despite substantial advances in diagnosis and treatment,the survival rate of patients with LM remains low as the immune-suppressive microenvironment of the liver allows tumor cells to evade the immune system.The impact of LMs on the outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with solid tumors has been the main focus of recent translational and clinical research.Growing evidence indicates that the hepatic microenvironment delivers paracrine and autocrine signals from non-parenchymal and parenchymal cells.Overall,these microenvironments create pre-and post-metastatic conditions for the progression of LMs.Herein,we reviewed the epidemiology,physiology,pathology and immunology,of LMs associated with non-small cell lung cancer and the role and potential targets of the liver microenvironment in LM in each phase of metastasis.Additionally,we reviewed the current treatment strategies and challenges that should be overcome in preclinical and clinical investigations.These approaches target liver elements as the basis for future clinical trials,including combinatorial interventions reported to resolve hepatic immune suppression,such as immunotherapy plus chemotherapy,immunotherapy plus radiotherapy,immunotherapy plus anti-angiogenesis therapy,and surgical resection.
基金
supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82202989 and 82003089)
the Regional Innovation Cooperation Project of the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2021YFQ0029)
the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M722279)
the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2023YFS0163)
the Postdoctoral Research Project of West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu,China(No.2021HXBH045)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022SCU12063)
the Sichuan University Postdoctoral Interdisciplinary Innovation Fund(awarded to Lingling Zhu).
