摘要
国家权力机关从未见于西方宪法,实为社会主义宪法所独有。它始于苏俄宪法,定型于苏联宪法,经历了三部曲式的复杂发展历程。依据中国宪法,它是"人民行使国家权力的机关",承担着区分权力与职权、将权力转化为职权的功能。以它为中心建构起的复合结构,既有权力又有职权,两者既紧密连接又相互区分。权力与职权的复合结构在正反两个方向迥异于西方国家宪法的一元权力结构。在正向上,以"职权划分"取代西方国家的"权力分立"。这样既避免权力的分立和转移,又在国家机关之间实现功能分化。正所谓权力不可分,需以职权为可分的替代物。在反向上,确保权力的集中与统一,将权力保留在人民手中。这根源于马克思主义对于国家的保留态度。在此基础上,中国宪法超越苏联模式,创造出一种防范权力过分集中、过度保留的全新机制。
The term"organ of state power"has never been found in western constitutions,but is unique to socialist constitutions.It has undergone a complicated trilogical development process:originating from the constitution of Soviet Russia,taking full shape in the constitution of the Soviet Union,and later being transplanted into China.According to the Chinese Constitution,"organ of state power"is the organ‘through which the people exercise state power’.It distinguishes between powers and functions and transform powers into functions.The compound structure built around organ of state power consists of both powers and functions,which are closely connected to and distinguish from each other.This compound structure is totally different from the unified power structure in western constitutions in two directions:in one direction,it replaces"separation of powers"in western countries with"division of functions",thus avoiding the separation and transfer of powers while at the same time realizing the differentiation of functions among state organs.As is pointed out,powers are inseparable and they need functions as their separable substitutes.In the other direction,it ensures that state powers are concentrated,unified and remain in the hands of the people.This structure originates from Marxist attitude of reservation of state power.On this basis,the Chinese constitution goes beyond the Soviet model by creating a brand-new mechanism for preventing the over-concentration and excessive reservation of power.
出处
《环球法律评论》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第2期5-21,共17页
Global Law Review
基金
作者参加的2020年度中国人民代表大会制度理论研究会研究课题“最高国家权力机关的概念形成研究”的研究成果
