摘要
牒是唐代應用廣泛的一類官文書,唐律及律疏在定義“官文書”時,常常將牒與符、解、關、移等文書種類並舉[1]。較之其他官文書,牒的現存資料最豐富,情况也最複雜。以往學者既已注意到,不同於符、解等文書形態、行用場合相對固定的文書,唐代的牒格式多變,行用場合也横跨上行、下行與平行諸多方向。筆者分析了典章制度中散見多處對牒的記載、西域出土文書中大量形態各異的牒文實物以及石刻文獻留存的唐牒,在此基礎上認爲,自唐初起,就存在數種被稱作“牒”的文書,但它們在文書形態、行用場合等方面都有所差異,並且彼此間有相對清晰的界限。而基於這些差異進行分類研究,是我們釐清唐代牒式的主要途徑。
Die 牒 was the most abundant,varied and widely used official document in the Tang Dynasty.This article argues that there were four types of die in Tang Dynasty.It can be determined by the occasion when they were used,whether they are sealed,written and received by whom,and the origin of regulations.TypeⅠwas written and received by government departments with four-classes oficials and needed to be sealed.TypeⅡwas written by individual officials to report different kinds of affairs to the government.TypeⅢ,which also needed to be sealed,was used for official communication when one side did not set up four-classes officials.TypeⅣwas a short letter used by government officials for consultation or negotiation during judicial process.TypeⅠandⅡwere regulated by Statutes(ling令),while TypeⅢmight be regulated by Ordinances(shi式).
出处
《唐研究》
2022年第1期299-333,共35页
Journal of Tang Studies
