摘要
在中国语境之中,学校空间布局是一个现实问题,也是一个历史问题。自从清末新式教育被移植到中国本土后,学校长期以来一直呈空间持续扩张态势,1979年之后才停止扩张并出现逆转,基层学校开始大规模调整。基层学校空间大规模调整,在学界引发了大量研究与论争。本研究从空间视角出发,结合基层学校历史变迁,试图重新解释学校在中国县域空间之中的分布演变。研究者将县域空间作为一个最基本的研究单元,认为这是一个"具体而微"的中国。根据中国地理空间特点,研究者提出了两类理想型县域:一个是中东部平原标准县,一个是西部标准县。研究者描述了两类县域之中学校分布的空间特征,从而为学校分布变迁提供了一个理论解释图式。研究者发现,学校有空间范围不等的生源圈,并随着学段上升和时代演进而急剧扩张。学校分布与县域面积、轮廓、县城位置、人口、乡镇等因素紧密相关,在不同地域空间呈现出不同的特点。在西部县域,人口稀少而幅员辽阔,在近似方形的县域空间之中,学校以乡镇为单位进行布局。在中东部平原县域,县域空间轮廓近似圆形,县城一般会位于圆心位置,造成了难以遏制的农村生源向县城迁移的趋势。
The spatial distribution of schools has always been of major practical and historical concern among Chinese scholars of education.Ever since modern education was transplanted in China at the end of the Qing dynasty,schools entered a long period of continuous spatial expansion.After 1979,this expansion stopped and reversed,with schools adjusting on a large scale,a phenomenon that has met with considerable research and debate.From a spatial perspective,and based on historical changes to schools,this study attempts to reinterpret the evolution of school distribution in Chinese counties.Taking the county as the basic research unit offers the scholar a"definitive microcosm"of China.Given China’s geographical features,two ideal types of counties are put forward:one is the central and eastern plain and one is the west of China.The spatial characteristics of school distribution in the two counties is described,and a theoretical explanation of school distribution is provided.The author indicates that school enrollment in different spatial scopes expands as time goes on and educational level rises.School distribution is closely related to a county’s area,outline,location,population,towns and other factors,showing different characteristics dependent on the geographical space concerned.With a sparse population and vast territory,schools in the western county are distributed in units of towns and villages in a square.In the central and eastern plain county,the area presents a circular spatial contour with the county town generally located at the center of the circle.This form of distribution makes it difficult to curb the migration of rural students towards the county town.
作者
司洪昌
Si Hongchang(National Academy of Education Administration)
基金
国家社科基金青年项目“‘县城学校大型化’调查研究”(批准号:CGA120128)的阶段性成果
关键词
县域学校
学校分布
标准县
生源圈
学校布局
county schools
school distribution
standard county
schooling circles
school layout
