摘要
低生育率已日益对未来我国人口安全和社会经济的可持续发展构成严峻挑战,探索、研究并制定行之有效的家庭政策已势在必行,因而借鉴和总结国际上典型国家的家庭政策经验具有重要意义。建国后,我国人口生育政策经过了两次历史性转向:第一次转向是基于人口控制和现代化建设需要的"一孩"政策,使得人口出生率和自然增长率在二三十年间迅速走低,开启了低生育率进程。在人口结构和生育理念发生重大转变的形势下,2013年"单独二孩"和2016年"全面二孩"政策相继出台,我国的生育政策开始第二次转向。但是,在新生儿出生数量短暂上升之后,生育政策效应开始出现消退,新生儿出生数又出现了回落和下降,表明单纯调整生育政策已无法回应业已出现的低生育率问题。因此,从国际上典型国家的家庭政策出发,选取瑞典、俄罗斯、澳大利亚和日本四个国家作为典型案例,对家庭政策产生的背景、政策内容和社会政策效应进行比较研究,并运用"家庭化"和"去家庭化"的概念和工具进行分析和分类,认为四国现行的家庭政策分别代表了"个人主义""含蓄的家庭主义""选择性家庭主义"和"家庭主义"四种类型。最后,提出未来我国家庭政策的构建应从如下方面予以考虑:生育支持方面,从"以家为主"走向以国家、社会、市场和家庭聚力协同的"多元共担"福利支持体系;政策现状、受益范围和社会环境支持方面,须向整体性、适度普惠型和社会友好型的家庭政策方向迈进;家庭政策探索和创新方面,要抓紧研究和制定新时期我国托儿服务、育婴假和家庭与育儿津贴制度;政策福利供给方面,应考虑我国城乡和地区间发展程度和需求的不同,对政策供给进行自由选择和差异性实施,从而构建"混合型"的家庭政策体系。
Low fertility rate has increasingly posed a severe challenge to China’s population security and sustainable development of society and economy in the future,and it is imperative to explore,research and formulate effective family policies.Therefore,it is of great significance to learn from and summarize the family policy experience of typical countries in the world.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China’s population policy has undergone two historic changes:the first change was the"one-child"policy based on the population control and modernization needs,which led to a rapid decline in the birth rate and natural growth rate in the past 20 to 30 years,starting the process of low fertility.In the context of major changes in the population structure and the idea of fertility,the"selective two-child"policy was introduced in2013 and the"universal two-child"policy in 2016,marking the second turn of China’s fertility policy.However,after a brief rise in the number of newborn babies,the effect of the birth policy began to fade,and the number of newborn babies fell back and fell again,indicating that the simple adjustment of the birth policy could no longer respond to the existing low fertility.Therefore,starting from the family policy of typical countries in the world,four countries,Sweden,Russia,Australia and Japan,are selected as typical cases to compare the background,policy content and social policy effect of family policy.And by using the concepts and tools of"familyization"and"de-familyization"to analyze and classify,it is considered that the current family policies of the four countries represent the four types of"individualism","implicit familyism","selective familyism"and"familyism"respectively.Finally,it is suggested that the construction of China’s family policy in the future should be considered from the following aspects:in terms of fertility support,it is suggested to shift from the"home-based"to the"multi-shared"welfare support system with national,social,market and family cohesion.In terms of policy status,benefit scope and social environment support,it is necessary to move towards a holistic,moderately inclusive and socially friendly family policy.In exploring and innovating family policies,it is advisable to promptly study and formulate China’s child-care services,parental leave and family and child-care allowance systems in the new era.In terms of policy welfare supply,it is suggested to take into account the difference of development degree and demand between the urban and rural areas and between different regions in China,and carry out policy supply freely and differently so as to build a"mixed"family policy system.
作者
徐兴文
刘芳
XU Xingwen;LIU Fang(School of Sociology,Yunnan Minzu University,Kunming 650504,China;School of Law and Public Administration,Qujing Normal University,Qujing 655011,China)
出处
《四川轻化工大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第3期1-26,共26页
Journal of Sichuan University of Science & Engineering：Social Sciences Edition
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(18BSH013)
云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目资助(2020J0361)
云南省博士研究生学术新人奖资助
关键词
低生育率
家庭政策
生育政策
家庭福利
家庭化
去家庭化
low fertility rate
family policy
reproductive policy
family welfare
familyization
defamilyization
