AIM: To examine familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) via parental reinforcement/modeling of symptoms, coping, psychological distress, and exposure to stress.METHODS:Mothers of children between the age...AIM: To examine familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) via parental reinforcement/modeling of symptoms, coping, psychological distress, and exposure to stress.METHODS:Mothers of children between the ages of8 and 15 years with and without IBS were identified through the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound.Mothers completed questionnaires,including the Child Behavior Checklist(child psychological distress),the Family Inventory of Life Events(family exposure to stress),SCL-90R(mother psychological distress),and the Pain Response Inventory(beliefs about pain).Children were interviewed separately from their parents and completed the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire(beliefs about pain),Pain Response Inventory(coping)and Child Symptom Checklist[gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms].In addition,health care utilization data was obtained from the automated database of Group Health Cooperative.Mothers with IBS(n=207)and their 296 children were compared to 240 control mothers and their 335 children,while controlling for age and education.RESULTS:Hypothesis 1:reinforcement of expression of GI problems is only related to GI symptoms,but not others(cold symptoms)in children.There was no significant correlation between parental reinforcement of symptoms and child expression of GI or other symptoms.Hypothesis 2:modeling of GI symptomsis related to GI but not non-GI symptom reporting in children.Children of parents with IBS reported more non-GI(8.97 vs 6.70,P<0.01)as well as more GI(3.24 vs 2.27,P<0.01)symptoms.Total health care visits made by the mother correlated with visits made by the child(rho=0.35,P<0.001 for cases,rho=0.26,P<0.001 for controls).Hypothesis 3:children learn to share the methods of coping with illness that their mothers exhibit.Methods used by children to cope with stomachaches differed from methods used by their mothers.Only 2/16 scales showed weak but significant correlations(stoicism rho=0.13,P<0.05;acceptance rho=0.13,P<0.05).Hypothesis 4:mothers and children share psychological traits such as anxiety,depression,and somatization.Child psychological distress correlated with mother’s psychological distress(rho=0.41,P<0.001 for cases,rho=0.38,P<0.001 for controls).Hypothesis 5:stress that affects the whole family might explain the similarities between mothers and their children.Family exposure to stress was not a significant predictor of children’s symptom reports.Hypothesis 6:the intergenerational transmission of GI illness behavior may be due to multiple mechanisms.Regression analysis identified multiple independent predictors of the child’s GI complaints,which were similar to the predictors of the child’s non-GI symptoms(mother’s IBS status,child psychological symptoms,child catastrophizing,and child age).CONCLUSION:Multiple factors influence the reporting of children’s gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms.The clustering of illness within families is best understood using a model that incorporates all these factors.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a very common neurodegenerative disease that occurs mostly in the elderly.There are many main clinical manifestations of PD,such as tremor,bradykinesia,muscle rigidity,etc.Based on the curre...Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a very common neurodegenerative disease that occurs mostly in the elderly.There are many main clinical manifestations of PD,such as tremor,bradykinesia,muscle rigidity,etc.Based on the current research on PD,the accurate and convenient detection of early symptoms is the key to detect PD.With the development of microelectronic and sensor technology,it is much easier to measure the barely noticeable tremor in just one hand for the early detection of Parkinson’s disease.In this paper,we present a smart wearable device for detecting hand tremor,in which MPU6050(MIDI Processing Unit)consisting of a 3-axis gyroscope and a 3-axis accelerometer is used to collect acceleration and angular velocity of fingers.By analyzing the time of specific finger movements,we successfully recognized the tremor signals with high accuracy.Meanwhile,with Bluetooth 4.0(Bluetooth Low Energy,BLE)and networking terminal ability,tremor data can be transferred to a monitoring device in real time with extremely lowenergy consumption.The experimental results have shown that the proposed device(smart ring)is convenient for long-term tremor detection which is vital for early detection and treatment for Parkinson’s disease.展开更多
Thermoelectric power generation provides us the unique capability to explore the deep space and holds promise for harvesting the waste heat and providing a battery-free power supply for IoTs.The past years have witnes...Thermoelectric power generation provides us the unique capability to explore the deep space and holds promise for harvesting the waste heat and providing a battery-free power supply for IoTs.The past years have witnessed massive progress in thermoelectric materials,while the module-level development is still lagged behind.We would like to shine some light on the module-level design and characterization of thermoelectric power generators(TEGs).In the module-level design,we review material selection,thermal management,and the determination of structural parameters.We also look into the module-level characterization,with particular attention on the heat flux measurement.Finally,the challenge in the optimal design and reliable characterization of thermoelectric power generators is discussed,together with a calling to establish a standard test procedure.展开更多
Since the outbreak of the world-wide novel coronavirus pandemic,crowd counting in public areas,such as in shopping centers and in commercial streets,has gained popularity among public health administrations for preven...Since the outbreak of the world-wide novel coronavirus pandemic,crowd counting in public areas,such as in shopping centers and in commercial streets,has gained popularity among public health administrations for preventing the crowds from gathering.In this paper,we propose a novel adaptive method for crowd counting based on Wi-Fi channel state information(CSI)by using common commercial wireless routers.Compared with previous researches on device-free crowd counting,our proposed method is more adaptive to the change of environ-ment and can achieve high accuracy of crowd count estimation.Because the dis-tance between access point(AP)and monitor point(MP)is typically non-fixed in real-world applications,the strength of received signals varies and makes the tra-ditional amplitude-related models to perform poorly in different environments.In order to achieve adaptivity of the crowd count estimation model,we used convo-lutional neural network(ConvNet)to extract features from correlation coefficient matrix of subcarriers which are insensitive to the change of received signal strength.We conducted experiments in university classroom settings and our model achieved an overall accuracy of 97.79%in estimating a variable number of participants.展开更多
In recent years,traffic safety researchers have attempted to separate single-vehicle and multi-vehicle crashes when analyzing crash severity,considering the significant differences in the mechanism of occurrence of th...In recent years,traffic safety researchers have attempted to separate single-vehicle and multi-vehicle crashes when analyzing crash severity,considering the significant differences in the mechanism of occurrence of the two crash types.However,regardless of the number of vehicles involved in a crash,the severity of a crash is defined by the most severe injury outcome sustained by the occupants,not vehicles.Thus,this study evaluated a need for conducting a separate severity analysis for crashes involving a single occupant(SO)and multiple occupants(MO).Ten-year data(2009–2018)of crashes that involved a collision between a single vehicle and a train at the highway-rail grade crossings(HRGCs)across the United States was used as a case study.Crashes were grouped based on occupancy level;that is,crashes involving SO were separated from the ones involving MO.As expected,MO crashes had higher injury and fatality rates than SO crashes.Three Multinomial Logit(MNL)models were developed to analyze the crash severity of SO crashes,MO crashes,and total crashes.The study found several differences in associated factors when SO crashes and MO crashes were modeled separately.Overall,combining SO and MO crashes tend to either underestimate or overestimate the actual impact of the predictor variable on a specific crash type.Among the variables,train speed and vehicle speed during crash showed a great difference.The findings provide evidence that the severity analysis of the SO and MO crashes should be performed separately as they have different characteristics.展开更多
The development of effective antifreeze peptides to control ice growth has attracted a significant amount of attention yet still remains a great challenge.Here,we propose a novel design method based on in-depth invest...The development of effective antifreeze peptides to control ice growth has attracted a significant amount of attention yet still remains a great challenge.Here,we propose a novel design method based on in-depth investigation of repetitive motifs in various ice-binding proteins(IBPs)with evolution analysis.In this way,several peptides with notable antifreeze activity were developed.In particular,a designed antifreeze peptide named AVD exhibits ideal ice recrystallization inhibition(IRI),solubility,and biocompatibility,making it suitable for use as a cryoprotective agent(CPA).A mutation analysis and molecular dynamics(MD)simulations indicated that the Thr6 and Asn8 residues of the AVD peptide are fundamental to its ice-binding capacity,while the Ser18 residue can synergistically enhance their interaction with ice,revealing the antifreeze mechanism of AVD.Furthermore,to evaluate the cryoprotection potential of AVD,the peptide was successfully employed for the cryopreservation of various cells,which demonstrated significant post-freezing cell recovery.This work opens up a new avenue for designing antifreeze materials and provides peptide-based functional modules for synthetic biology.展开更多
Beamforming in stand-alone Millimeter-Wave(mmWave)communications results in prolonged access times and latencies due to the increased number of measurements required to determine the optimal beam directions at the Mob...Beamforming in stand-alone Millimeter-Wave(mmWave)communications results in prolonged access times and latencies due to the increased number of measurements required to determine the optimal beam directions at the Mobile Station(MS)and Base Station(BS),returning the highest received signal level.Therefore,dynamic and fast access schemes that meet the Third-Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)specifications are required here.Therefore,in this paper,a novel initial access scheme is proposed for multiple MS users by leveraging for the first time a digital compass in the access procedure.Namely,when a new MS joins the footprint of a BS,it probes the channel for beacon signaling about the BS direction,i.e.,broadcasted by a neighboring MS that completed beam association at previous time steps.Then,a digital compass is utilized to adjust the coordinates of the BS according to the location of the new MS.The proposed scheme is applied for a single and multi-user settings at various broadcasting approaches.This includes a single associated MS user that broadcasts information to a single incoming MS user,a single user that broadcasts signals to multiple incoming users,or all multiple associated users broadcast to multiple incoming users.Overall,the proposed schemes yield in notable efficiency in terms of the computational complexity,access times,power and energy consumption as compared to existing access schemes.Further,high success rates are achieved at the detriment of relatively higher cost.展开更多
Wastewater treatment plants release complex mixtures of chemicals into the aquatic environment as wastewater effluent(WWE);however,the effects of these mixtures are still poorly understood.Chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus ...Wastewater treatment plants release complex mixtures of chemicals into the aquatic environment as wastewater effluent(WWE);however,the effects of these mixtures are still poorly understood.Chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)are a culturally important species in the Pacific Northwest and are a vital food resource for southern resident killer whales(Orcinus orca)that are listed as‘critically endangered’under the U.S.Endangered Species Act(ESA).Chinook populations have declined drastically in this region and have failed to show significant recovery despite regional-to-federal efforts,resulting in many populations being listed as threatened under the ESA.One source of stress to juvenile Chinook is chemical pollution from WWE during their outmigration along river corridors and residency in estuaries.In this study,we investigated effects of WWE on juvenile Chinook health in a ten-day exposure to dilutions of WWE from 0.1%to 20%.At the end of the exposure,we measured endpoints associated with endocrine disruption,brain function,osmoregulation,stress,and metabolism.Exposure to WWE significantly(α=0.1 for all analyses)induced vitellogenesis,indicating endocrine system disruption.We saw significant reductions in plasma glucose,an indication of stress,and brain Na+/K+-ATPase(NKA)activity,an enzyme essential for neuronal signaling.Lastly,metabolism was affected as evidenced by altered total protein,cholesterol,and albumin in plasma,a drastic decrease in whole body lipid content,and a significant increase in visible liver anomalies.We compared contaminant concentrations in exposure water with effects concentrations from the literature for chemicals known to induce vitellogenin or inhibit brain NKA.For most contaminants,concentrations in exposure waters were several orders of magnitude below effects concentrations in the literature.The exception was estrogenic hormones,which were detected at similar concentrations in this study compared to concentrations in other studies that induced vitellogenin.Based on comparisons to the literature,contaminants measured in this study could not explain the inhibition of brain NKA;however,WWE mixtures contain many quantified and undetected compounds that are likely acting together to cause harmful effects in Chinook.This research highlights the need for improved wastewater treatment to improve aquatic health and mitigate effects to threatened species like Puget Sound Chinook salmon.展开更多
Targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on juvenile Chinook salmon exposed for 10 days to wastewater effluent(WWE)from a large urban treatment plant.Exposures included five dilutions of WWE(20%,5.3%,1.4%,0.4%,and ...Targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on juvenile Chinook salmon exposed for 10 days to wastewater effluent(WWE)from a large urban treatment plant.Exposures included five dilutions of WWE(20%,5.3%,1.4%,0.4%,and 0.1%)and a control with 7 replicates per treatment.Liver was extracted from fish and analyzed via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry(LC-MS)for 361 endogenous metabolites,of which 185 were detected.Control-versus-treatment comparisons identified several metabolites that were associated with altered biochemical pathways observed for all treatments,including several that are important for energy generation and utilization.These altered pathways are crucial for fish health and may be an early indicator of potential adverse effects on growth,reproduction,behavior,and immune function.Juvenile ocean-type Chinook salmon spend several days to weeks in the nearshore estuary where they may encounter high concentrations of WWE contaminants.They are exposed to a wide range of potent pharmaceuticals,personal care products,and industrial compounds from WWE that have the potential to affect physiological homeostasis and disrupt their normal life cycle.展开更多
As a foundation of life-science research and advancement,biobanking has played a critical role and made tremendous contributions to healthcare,biotechnology,disease control and prevention,as well as bio-conservation f...As a foundation of life-science research and advancement,biobanking has played a critical role and made tremendous contributions to healthcare,biotechnology,disease control and prevention,as well as bio-conservation for the benefit of all humankind.This paper starts with a brief introduction of basic concepts,history,classification,and significance of biobanking,followed by a discussion on cryobiology fundamentals and key challenges faced by cryopreservation in biobanking.A special case discussion on the cryopreservation and biobanking of pathogenic microorganisms to meet both the unmet needs for biomedical research and the urgent demand for developing countermeasures against the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is highlighted with insightful recommendations for future studies.展开更多
A novel Mg-based bimetal reagent(Mg/Cu)was used as an enhanced reductive system to degrade insensitivemunition 2,4-dinitroanisole(DNAN),a contaminant found in energeticladenwaste.Degradation ofDNANwas significantly im...A novel Mg-based bimetal reagent(Mg/Cu)was used as an enhanced reductive system to degrade insensitivemunition 2,4-dinitroanisole(DNAN),a contaminant found in energeticladenwaste.Degradation ofDNANwas significantly impacted by dissolved oxygen and studied in anoxic and oxic bimetal systems(i.e.,purging with N2,air,or O_(2) gas).Degradation occurred through sequential nitroreduction:first one nitro group was reduced(ortho or para)to form short-lived intermediates 2-amino-4-nitroanisole or 4-amino-2-nitroanisole(2-ANAN or 4-ANAN),and then subsequent reduction of the other nitro group formed 2,4-diaminoanisole(DAAN).The nitro-amino intermediates demonstrated regioselective reduction in the ortho position to 2-ANAN;Regioselectivity was also impacted by the anoxic/oxic environment.Under O_(2)-purging DNAN degradation rate was slightly enhanced,but most notably O_(2) significantly accelerated DAAN generation.DAAN also further degraded only in the oxygenated Mg/Cu system.Adsorption of DNAN byproducts to the reagent occurred regardless of anoxic/oxic condition,resulting in a partition of carbon mass between the adsorbed phase(27%-35%)and dissolved phase(59%-72%).Additional surface techniqueswere applied to investigate contaminant interaction with Cu.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations identified preferential adsorption structures for DNAN on Cu with binding through two O atoms of one or both nitro groups.X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)measurements determined the oxidation state of catalyticmetal Cu and formation of a Cu-O-N bond during treatment.Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry(LDI-MS)measurements also identified intermediate 2-ANAN adsorbed to the bimetal surface.展开更多
Forage fishes are ecologically and economically important low trophic level species,and in recent years interest in their biology and management has intensified.Pacific Herring are emblemat-ic of the management issues...Forage fishes are ecologically and economically important low trophic level species,and in recent years interest in their biology and management has intensified.Pacific Herring are emblemat-ic of the management issues facing forage species-they are central components of the Northeast Pacific pelagic food web and support important commercial fisheries.In addition,the importance of Herring to indigenous peoples have made them cultural keystone species.We employed a participatory process to promote collaborative priority-setting for this critical forage species.Working with managers,the fisher-ies industry,indigenous peoples,and scientists,we co-constructed a conceptual model of the Pacific Her-ring social-ecological system(SES)in the Northeast Pacific.We then identified a set of questions,that,if answered,would significantly increase our ability to sustainably manage the Herring SES.Our objective was to generate a road map for scientists who wish to conduct useful forage fish research,for resource managers who wish to develop new research efforts that could fill critical gaps,and for public agencies and private foundations seeking to prioritize funding on forage fish issues in the Pacific.With this socio-cultural centrality comes complexity for fisheries management.Our participatory process highlighted the value of conceptualizing the full SES,overcame disciplinary differences in scientific approaches,research philos-ophy,and language,and charted a path forward for future research and management for forage species.展开更多
ChatGPT has emerged as a promising advanced large language model that needs prompt to gain information.However,designing a good prompt is not an easy task for many end-users.Therefore,this study intends to determine t...ChatGPT has emerged as a promising advanced large language model that needs prompt to gain information.However,designing a good prompt is not an easy task for many end-users.Therefore,this study intends to determine the amount of information gained because of varied amounts of information in the prompt.This study used two types of prompts,initial and improved,to query the introduction sections of 327 highly cited articles on traffic safety.The queried introduction sections were then matched with the corresponding human-written introduction sections from the same articles.Similarity tests and text network analysis were used to understand the level of similarities and the content of ChatGPT-generated and human-written introductions.The findings indicate the improved prompts,which have the addition of generic persona and information about the citations and references,changed the ChatGPT's output insignificantly.While the perfect similar contents are supposed to have a 1.0 similarity score,the initial and improved prompt's introduction materials have average similarity scores of 0.5387 and 0.5567,respectively.Further,the content analysis revealed that themes such as statistics,trends,safety measures,and safety technologies are more likely to have high similarity scores,irrespective of the amount of information provided in the prompt.On the other hand,themes such as human behavior,policy and regulations,public perception,and emerging technologies require a detailed level of information in their prompt to produce materials that are close to human-written materials.The prompt engineers can use the findings to evaluate their outputs and improve their prompting skills.展开更多
Recent advances in organ transplantation,regenerative medicine,and drug discovery have emphasized the critical importance of effective preservation techniques for organs.Despite these advances,current preservation tec...Recent advances in organ transplantation,regenerative medicine,and drug discovery have emphasized the critical importance of effective preservation techniques for organs.Despite these advances,current preservation techniques have significant limitations in maintaining the viability and functional efficacy of organs over the long term.As a result,there is a pressing need to develop reliable and efficient preservation strategies for organs.Currently,the clinical standard for organ preservation involves the use of static cold storage and organ machine perfusion,but these methods can only preserve organs for a couple of days or even a few hours.Notably,the development of cryobiology has yielded promising alternatives.In this review,we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the progression of organ preservation methods,while emphasizing the limitations of traditional approaches.Moreover,we evaluate advanced preservation techniques for organs,including kidneys,livers,hearts,lungs,and intestines.Furthermore,we share a progress perspective on the future of organ preservation,with the ultimate goal of achieving viable long-term preservation to address the pressing issue of organ shortage.展开更多
基金Supported by NIH,No.RO1 HD36069,No.RO1 DK31369,and No.R24 67674
文摘AIM: To examine familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) via parental reinforcement/modeling of symptoms, coping, psychological distress, and exposure to stress.METHODS:Mothers of children between the ages of8 and 15 years with and without IBS were identified through the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound.Mothers completed questionnaires,including the Child Behavior Checklist(child psychological distress),the Family Inventory of Life Events(family exposure to stress),SCL-90R(mother psychological distress),and the Pain Response Inventory(beliefs about pain).Children were interviewed separately from their parents and completed the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire(beliefs about pain),Pain Response Inventory(coping)and Child Symptom Checklist[gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms].In addition,health care utilization data was obtained from the automated database of Group Health Cooperative.Mothers with IBS(n=207)and their 296 children were compared to 240 control mothers and their 335 children,while controlling for age and education.RESULTS:Hypothesis 1:reinforcement of expression of GI problems is only related to GI symptoms,but not others(cold symptoms)in children.There was no significant correlation between parental reinforcement of symptoms and child expression of GI or other symptoms.Hypothesis 2:modeling of GI symptomsis related to GI but not non-GI symptom reporting in children.Children of parents with IBS reported more non-GI(8.97 vs 6.70,P<0.01)as well as more GI(3.24 vs 2.27,P<0.01)symptoms.Total health care visits made by the mother correlated with visits made by the child(rho=0.35,P<0.001 for cases,rho=0.26,P<0.001 for controls).Hypothesis 3:children learn to share the methods of coping with illness that their mothers exhibit.Methods used by children to cope with stomachaches differed from methods used by their mothers.Only 2/16 scales showed weak but significant correlations(stoicism rho=0.13,P<0.05;acceptance rho=0.13,P<0.05).Hypothesis 4:mothers and children share psychological traits such as anxiety,depression,and somatization.Child psychological distress correlated with mother’s psychological distress(rho=0.41,P<0.001 for cases,rho=0.38,P<0.001 for controls).Hypothesis 5:stress that affects the whole family might explain the similarities between mothers and their children.Family exposure to stress was not a significant predictor of children’s symptom reports.Hypothesis 6:the intergenerational transmission of GI illness behavior may be due to multiple mechanisms.Regression analysis identified multiple independent predictors of the child’s GI complaints,which were similar to the predictors of the child’s non-GI symptoms(mother’s IBS status,child psychological symptoms,child catastrophizing,and child age).CONCLUSION:Multiple factors influence the reporting of children’s gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms.The clustering of illness within families is best understood using a model that incorporates all these factors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61972207 and 61802196)Jiangsu Provincial Government Scholarship for Studying Abroad and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)fund.
文摘Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a very common neurodegenerative disease that occurs mostly in the elderly.There are many main clinical manifestations of PD,such as tremor,bradykinesia,muscle rigidity,etc.Based on the current research on PD,the accurate and convenient detection of early symptoms is the key to detect PD.With the development of microelectronic and sensor technology,it is much easier to measure the barely noticeable tremor in just one hand for the early detection of Parkinson’s disease.In this paper,we present a smart wearable device for detecting hand tremor,in which MPU6050(MIDI Processing Unit)consisting of a 3-axis gyroscope and a 3-axis accelerometer is used to collect acceleration and angular velocity of fingers.By analyzing the time of specific finger movements,we successfully recognized the tremor signals with high accuracy.Meanwhile,with Bluetooth 4.0(Bluetooth Low Energy,BLE)and networking terminal ability,tremor data can be transferred to a monitoring device in real time with extremely lowenergy consumption.The experimental results have shown that the proposed device(smart ring)is convenient for long-term tremor detection which is vital for early detection and treatment for Parkinson’s disease.
基金supported by Shenzhen DRC project(Grant No.[2018]1433)。
文摘Thermoelectric power generation provides us the unique capability to explore the deep space and holds promise for harvesting the waste heat and providing a battery-free power supply for IoTs.The past years have witnessed massive progress in thermoelectric materials,while the module-level development is still lagged behind.We would like to shine some light on the module-level design and characterization of thermoelectric power generators(TEGs).In the module-level design,we review material selection,thermal management,and the determination of structural parameters.We also look into the module-level characterization,with particular attention on the heat flux measurement.Finally,the challenge in the optimal design and reliable characterization of thermoelectric power generators is discussed,together with a calling to establish a standard test procedure.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61802196,url:http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/)Jiangsu Provincial Government Scholarship for Studying Abroad+1 种基金The Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)NUIST Students’Platform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(Grant No.202010300080Y,url:http://sjjx.nuist.edu.cn:81/CXCY/NUIST/).
文摘Since the outbreak of the world-wide novel coronavirus pandemic,crowd counting in public areas,such as in shopping centers and in commercial streets,has gained popularity among public health administrations for preventing the crowds from gathering.In this paper,we propose a novel adaptive method for crowd counting based on Wi-Fi channel state information(CSI)by using common commercial wireless routers.Compared with previous researches on device-free crowd counting,our proposed method is more adaptive to the change of environ-ment and can achieve high accuracy of crowd count estimation.Because the dis-tance between access point(AP)and monitor point(MP)is typically non-fixed in real-world applications,the strength of received signals varies and makes the tra-ditional amplitude-related models to perform poorly in different environments.In order to achieve adaptivity of the crowd count estimation model,we used convo-lutional neural network(ConvNet)to extract features from correlation coefficient matrix of subcarriers which are insensitive to the change of received signal strength.We conducted experiments in university classroom settings and our model achieved an overall accuracy of 97.79%in estimating a variable number of participants.
文摘In recent years,traffic safety researchers have attempted to separate single-vehicle and multi-vehicle crashes when analyzing crash severity,considering the significant differences in the mechanism of occurrence of the two crash types.However,regardless of the number of vehicles involved in a crash,the severity of a crash is defined by the most severe injury outcome sustained by the occupants,not vehicles.Thus,this study evaluated a need for conducting a separate severity analysis for crashes involving a single occupant(SO)and multiple occupants(MO).Ten-year data(2009–2018)of crashes that involved a collision between a single vehicle and a train at the highway-rail grade crossings(HRGCs)across the United States was used as a case study.Crashes were grouped based on occupancy level;that is,crashes involving SO were separated from the ones involving MO.As expected,MO crashes had higher injury and fatality rates than SO crashes.Three Multinomial Logit(MNL)models were developed to analyze the crash severity of SO crashes,MO crashes,and total crashes.The study found several differences in associated factors when SO crashes and MO crashes were modeled separately.Overall,combining SO and MO crashes tend to either underestimate or overestimate the actual impact of the predictor variable on a specific crash type.Among the variables,train speed and vehicle speed during crash showed a great difference.The findings provide evidence that the severity analysis of the SO and MO crashes should be performed separately as they have different characteristics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2100800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22078238,21961132005,and 21908160)+1 种基金the Open Funding Project of the National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineeringthe Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (BP0618007)。
文摘The development of effective antifreeze peptides to control ice growth has attracted a significant amount of attention yet still remains a great challenge.Here,we propose a novel design method based on in-depth investigation of repetitive motifs in various ice-binding proteins(IBPs)with evolution analysis.In this way,several peptides with notable antifreeze activity were developed.In particular,a designed antifreeze peptide named AVD exhibits ideal ice recrystallization inhibition(IRI),solubility,and biocompatibility,making it suitable for use as a cryoprotective agent(CPA).A mutation analysis and molecular dynamics(MD)simulations indicated that the Thr6 and Asn8 residues of the AVD peptide are fundamental to its ice-binding capacity,while the Ser18 residue can synergistically enhance their interaction with ice,revealing the antifreeze mechanism of AVD.Furthermore,to evaluate the cryoprotection potential of AVD,the peptide was successfully employed for the cryopreservation of various cells,which demonstrated significant post-freezing cell recovery.This work opens up a new avenue for designing antifreeze materials and provides peptide-based functional modules for synthetic biology.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Faisal University,grant number 1811025.
文摘Beamforming in stand-alone Millimeter-Wave(mmWave)communications results in prolonged access times and latencies due to the increased number of measurements required to determine the optimal beam directions at the Mobile Station(MS)and Base Station(BS),returning the highest received signal level.Therefore,dynamic and fast access schemes that meet the Third-Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)specifications are required here.Therefore,in this paper,a novel initial access scheme is proposed for multiple MS users by leveraging for the first time a digital compass in the access procedure.Namely,when a new MS joins the footprint of a BS,it probes the channel for beacon signaling about the BS direction,i.e.,broadcasted by a neighboring MS that completed beam association at previous time steps.Then,a digital compass is utilized to adjust the coordinates of the BS according to the location of the new MS.The proposed scheme is applied for a single and multi-user settings at various broadcasting approaches.This includes a single associated MS user that broadcasts information to a single incoming MS user,a single user that broadcasts signals to multiple incoming users,or all multiple associated users broadcast to multiple incoming users.Overall,the proposed schemes yield in notable efficiency in terms of the computational complexity,access times,power and energy consumption as compared to existing access schemes.Further,high success rates are achieved at the detriment of relatively higher cost.
文摘Wastewater treatment plants release complex mixtures of chemicals into the aquatic environment as wastewater effluent(WWE);however,the effects of these mixtures are still poorly understood.Chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)are a culturally important species in the Pacific Northwest and are a vital food resource for southern resident killer whales(Orcinus orca)that are listed as‘critically endangered’under the U.S.Endangered Species Act(ESA).Chinook populations have declined drastically in this region and have failed to show significant recovery despite regional-to-federal efforts,resulting in many populations being listed as threatened under the ESA.One source of stress to juvenile Chinook is chemical pollution from WWE during their outmigration along river corridors and residency in estuaries.In this study,we investigated effects of WWE on juvenile Chinook health in a ten-day exposure to dilutions of WWE from 0.1%to 20%.At the end of the exposure,we measured endpoints associated with endocrine disruption,brain function,osmoregulation,stress,and metabolism.Exposure to WWE significantly(α=0.1 for all analyses)induced vitellogenesis,indicating endocrine system disruption.We saw significant reductions in plasma glucose,an indication of stress,and brain Na+/K+-ATPase(NKA)activity,an enzyme essential for neuronal signaling.Lastly,metabolism was affected as evidenced by altered total protein,cholesterol,and albumin in plasma,a drastic decrease in whole body lipid content,and a significant increase in visible liver anomalies.We compared contaminant concentrations in exposure water with effects concentrations from the literature for chemicals known to induce vitellogenin or inhibit brain NKA.For most contaminants,concentrations in exposure waters were several orders of magnitude below effects concentrations in the literature.The exception was estrogenic hormones,which were detected at similar concentrations in this study compared to concentrations in other studies that induced vitellogenin.Based on comparisons to the literature,contaminants measured in this study could not explain the inhibition of brain NKA;however,WWE mixtures contain many quantified and undetected compounds that are likely acting together to cause harmful effects in Chinook.This research highlights the need for improved wastewater treatment to improve aquatic health and mitigate effects to threatened species like Puget Sound Chinook salmon.
基金support and guidance of the Wastewater Treatment Division of the King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks in addition to the King County Council for funding support(King County Contract#6113841).
文摘Targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on juvenile Chinook salmon exposed for 10 days to wastewater effluent(WWE)from a large urban treatment plant.Exposures included five dilutions of WWE(20%,5.3%,1.4%,0.4%,and 0.1%)and a control with 7 replicates per treatment.Liver was extracted from fish and analyzed via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry(LC-MS)for 361 endogenous metabolites,of which 185 were detected.Control-versus-treatment comparisons identified several metabolites that were associated with altered biochemical pathways observed for all treatments,including several that are important for energy generation and utilization.These altered pathways are crucial for fish health and may be an early indicator of potential adverse effects on growth,reproduction,behavior,and immune function.Juvenile ocean-type Chinook salmon spend several days to weeks in the nearshore estuary where they may encounter high concentrations of WWE contaminants.They are exposed to a wide range of potent pharmaceuticals,personal care products,and industrial compounds from WWE that have the potential to affect physiological homeostasis and disrupt their normal life cycle.
文摘As a foundation of life-science research and advancement,biobanking has played a critical role and made tremendous contributions to healthcare,biotechnology,disease control and prevention,as well as bio-conservation for the benefit of all humankind.This paper starts with a brief introduction of basic concepts,history,classification,and significance of biobanking,followed by a discussion on cryobiology fundamentals and key challenges faced by cryopreservation in biobanking.A special case discussion on the cryopreservation and biobanking of pathogenic microorganisms to meet both the unmet needs for biomedical research and the urgent demand for developing countermeasures against the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is highlighted with insightful recommendations for future studies.
基金This work was supported by the Army Corps of Engineers,Industrial Base Resilience Initiative under Contract No.:W91278-16-D-0007,Delivery Order W9127820F0125.
文摘A novel Mg-based bimetal reagent(Mg/Cu)was used as an enhanced reductive system to degrade insensitivemunition 2,4-dinitroanisole(DNAN),a contaminant found in energeticladenwaste.Degradation ofDNANwas significantly impacted by dissolved oxygen and studied in anoxic and oxic bimetal systems(i.e.,purging with N2,air,or O_(2) gas).Degradation occurred through sequential nitroreduction:first one nitro group was reduced(ortho or para)to form short-lived intermediates 2-amino-4-nitroanisole or 4-amino-2-nitroanisole(2-ANAN or 4-ANAN),and then subsequent reduction of the other nitro group formed 2,4-diaminoanisole(DAAN).The nitro-amino intermediates demonstrated regioselective reduction in the ortho position to 2-ANAN;Regioselectivity was also impacted by the anoxic/oxic environment.Under O_(2)-purging DNAN degradation rate was slightly enhanced,but most notably O_(2) significantly accelerated DAAN generation.DAAN also further degraded only in the oxygenated Mg/Cu system.Adsorption of DNAN byproducts to the reagent occurred regardless of anoxic/oxic condition,resulting in a partition of carbon mass between the adsorbed phase(27%-35%)and dissolved phase(59%-72%).Additional surface techniqueswere applied to investigate contaminant interaction with Cu.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations identified preferential adsorption structures for DNAN on Cu with binding through two O atoms of one or both nitro groups.X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)measurements determined the oxidation state of catalyticmetal Cu and formation of a Cu-O-N bond during treatment.Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry(LDI-MS)measurements also identified intermediate 2-ANAN adsorbed to the bimetal surface.
基金We deeply appreciate the lively participation of the 118 participants in the Pacific Herring Summit(http://oceanmodelingforum.o r g/wp-content/up-loads/2015/07/Summit-Final-Attendee-List.pdf).Their thoughtful comments and passion for Pacific Herring inspired this study.We thank the David and Lucille Packard Foundation,the Pew Charitable Trusts and The Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans for sponsoring the Pacific Herring Summit.TF was sup-ported by the David and Lucille Packard Foundation during the writing of this manuscript.The graphic of the Herring social-ecological system was illustrated by Sam Bradd.PSL thanks C.Sativus inspirational production.
文摘Forage fishes are ecologically and economically important low trophic level species,and in recent years interest in their biology and management has intensified.Pacific Herring are emblemat-ic of the management issues facing forage species-they are central components of the Northeast Pacific pelagic food web and support important commercial fisheries.In addition,the importance of Herring to indigenous peoples have made them cultural keystone species.We employed a participatory process to promote collaborative priority-setting for this critical forage species.Working with managers,the fisher-ies industry,indigenous peoples,and scientists,we co-constructed a conceptual model of the Pacific Her-ring social-ecological system(SES)in the Northeast Pacific.We then identified a set of questions,that,if answered,would significantly increase our ability to sustainably manage the Herring SES.Our objective was to generate a road map for scientists who wish to conduct useful forage fish research,for resource managers who wish to develop new research efforts that could fill critical gaps,and for public agencies and private foundations seeking to prioritize funding on forage fish issues in the Pacific.With this socio-cultural centrality comes complexity for fisheries management.Our participatory process highlighted the value of conceptualizing the full SES,overcame disciplinary differences in scientific approaches,research philos-ophy,and language,and charted a path forward for future research and management for forage species.
文摘ChatGPT has emerged as a promising advanced large language model that needs prompt to gain information.However,designing a good prompt is not an easy task for many end-users.Therefore,this study intends to determine the amount of information gained because of varied amounts of information in the prompt.This study used two types of prompts,initial and improved,to query the introduction sections of 327 highly cited articles on traffic safety.The queried introduction sections were then matched with the corresponding human-written introduction sections from the same articles.Similarity tests and text network analysis were used to understand the level of similarities and the content of ChatGPT-generated and human-written introductions.The findings indicate the improved prompts,which have the addition of generic persona and information about the citations and references,changed the ChatGPT's output insignificantly.While the perfect similar contents are supposed to have a 1.0 similarity score,the initial and improved prompt's introduction materials have average similarity scores of 0.5387 and 0.5567,respectively.Further,the content analysis revealed that themes such as statistics,trends,safety measures,and safety technologies are more likely to have high similarity scores,irrespective of the amount of information provided in the prompt.On the other hand,themes such as human behavior,policy and regulations,public perception,and emerging technologies require a detailed level of information in their prompt to produce materials that are close to human-written materials.The prompt engineers can use the findings to evaluate their outputs and improve their prompting skills.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2100800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22478296,22078238,52373117,and U23B20121)+1 种基金the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations(24HHWCSS00005)the Open Funding Project of the National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering。
文摘Recent advances in organ transplantation,regenerative medicine,and drug discovery have emphasized the critical importance of effective preservation techniques for organs.Despite these advances,current preservation techniques have significant limitations in maintaining the viability and functional efficacy of organs over the long term.As a result,there is a pressing need to develop reliable and efficient preservation strategies for organs.Currently,the clinical standard for organ preservation involves the use of static cold storage and organ machine perfusion,but these methods can only preserve organs for a couple of days or even a few hours.Notably,the development of cryobiology has yielded promising alternatives.In this review,we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the progression of organ preservation methods,while emphasizing the limitations of traditional approaches.Moreover,we evaluate advanced preservation techniques for organs,including kidneys,livers,hearts,lungs,and intestines.Furthermore,we share a progress perspective on the future of organ preservation,with the ultimate goal of achieving viable long-term preservation to address the pressing issue of organ shortage.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.61662008,61272535, 61502111)Guangxi "Bagui Scholar"Teams for Innovation and Research Project,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Multi-source Information Integration and Intelligent Processing,Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2015GXNSFBA139246,2014GXNSFBAl18288and 2013GXNSFBA019263) Guangxi Special Project of Science and Technology Base and Talents (AD16380008).
