Due to the numerous variables to take into account as well as the inherent ambiguity and uncertainty,evaluating educational institutions can be difficult.The concept of a possibility Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft set(pP...Due to the numerous variables to take into account as well as the inherent ambiguity and uncertainty,evaluating educational institutions can be difficult.The concept of a possibility Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft set(pPyFHSS)is more flexible in this regard than other theoretical fuzzy set-like models,even though some attempts have been made in the literature to address such uncertainties.This study investigates the elementary notions of pPyFHSS including its set-theoretic operations union,intersection,complement,OR-and AND-operations.Some results related to these operations are also modified for pPyFHSS.Additionally,the similarity measures between pPyFHSSs are formulated with the assistance of numerical examples and results.Lastly,an intelligent decision-assisted mechanism is developed with the proposal of a robust algorithm based on similarity measures for solving multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)problems.A case study that helps the decision-makers assess the best educational institution is discussed to validate the suggested system.The algorithmic results are compared with the most pertinent model to evaluate the adaptability of pPyFHSS,as it generalizes the classical possibility fuzzy set-like theoretical models.Similarly,while considering significant evaluating factors,the flexibility of pPyFHSS is observed through structural comparison.展开更多
Ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using water as the solvent through the sol-gel method, which was selected for its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and eco-friendly nature. The synthesized nanoparticl...Ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using water as the solvent through the sol-gel method, which was selected for its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and eco-friendly nature. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using a variety of techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). These characterizations confirmed the successful formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The FTIR spectra identified characteristic peaks corresponding to the functional groups present, and XRD analysis, using Scherer’s equation, determined an average crystalline size of 1.2 nm for the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. TGA results demonstrated the thermal stability of the nanoparticles, SEM imaging revealed distinct honeycomb-like structures for the nanoparticles synthesized with water as the solvent, while the VSM analysis was used to determine the magnetic behavior of the nanoparticles.展开更多
The present study was designed to evaluate the susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatuns against malathion in Sargodha district of Pakistan. The activities of detoxifying enzymes i.e., β-esterases, GSTs and monooxyge...The present study was designed to evaluate the susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatuns against malathion in Sargodha district of Pakistan. The activities of detoxifying enzymes i.e., β-esterases, GSTs and monooxygenases were also estimated. Our results revealed 100 percent mortality in insecticide treated groups after 24 hours of exposure. There was no difference in the activities of insecticide detoxifying enzymes between control and treated groups. We concluded from our work that malathion is still effective against C. quinquefasciatuns in the area for control of mosquito population.展开更多
Decision support system for agro-technology transfer (DSSAT), OIL CROP-SUN Model was used to stimulate the phenology, growth, yield of different two sunflower hybrids. i.e. Hysun-33 and S-78 by applying different nitr...Decision support system for agro-technology transfer (DSSAT), OIL CROP-SUN Model was used to stimulate the phenology, growth, yield of different two sunflower hybrids. i.e. Hysun-33 and S-78 by applying different nitrogen levels. The effect of nitrogen (N) on growth and yield components of different sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids were evaluated under agro-climatic conditions of Sargodha, Pakistan during spring 2013. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having three replications, keeping cultivars in the main plots and nitrogen levels (0, 45, 90,135 and 180 kg/ha) in sub plots. OIL CROP-SUN Model showed that the model was able to simulate the growth and yield of sunflower with an average of 10.44 error% between observed and simulate achene yield (AY). The result of simulation indicates that nitrogen rate of 180 kg/ha produced highest achene yield in S-78 hybrid as compared to other treatments and Hysun-33 cultivar.展开更多
The experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of crop system (DSSAT) OILCROP-SUN model simulating growth & development and achene yield of sunflower hybrids in response to nitrogen under irrigated con...The experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of crop system (DSSAT) OILCROP-SUN model simulating growth & development and achene yield of sunflower hybrids in response to nitrogen under irrigated conditions in semi arid environment, Sargodha, Punjab. The model was evaluated with observed data collected in trials which were conducted during spring season in 2010 and 2011 in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Split plot design was used in layout of experiment with three replications. The hybrids (Hysun-33 & S-278) and N levels (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) were allotted in main and sub plots, respectively. The OILCROP-SUN model showed that the model was able to simulate growth and yield of sunflower with an average of 10.44 error% between observed and simulated achene yield (AY). The results of simulation analysis indicated that nitrogen rate of 150 kg.N.ha-1 (N3) produced the highest yield as compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the economic analysis through mean Gini Dominance also showed the dominance of this treatment compared to other treatment combinations. Thus management strategy consisting?of treatment 150 kg.N.ha-1 was the best for high yield of sunflower hybrids.展开更多
The use of sewage water for agricultural purpose has tremendously increased during the last few years due to shortage of water availability, especially in semi-arid regions. Despite of many nutrients recycling advanta...The use of sewage water for agricultural purpose has tremendously increased during the last few years due to shortage of water availability, especially in semi-arid regions. Despite of many nutrients recycling advantages of sewage water, farmers are not fully aware of its harmful chemical composition. Heavy metals toxicity in soil and crops results from the long term use of sewage effluent for irrigation purposes. The present study was conducted to assess effect of sewage water on the uptake of Ni, Pb and Mn in different forage species with respect to the nutrient requirement of the grazing ruminants inSargodha,Punjab,Pakistan. Five samples each of six fodder species viz., Trifolium alexandrinum, Cichorium intybus, Avena sativa, Medicago polymorpha, Brassica campestris and Medicago sativa were collected from three fields irrigated with canal water, mix water (canal plus sewage water) and sewage water respectively. Pb, Ni and Mn concentration in the forage species during different treatments varied from 0.624 to1.672 mg/g, 7.364 to 10.17 mg/g and 5.136 to 12.422 mg/kg respectively. High value of Pb and Mn concentrations was observed during sewage water treatment. Lead is a non-essential element and is a very toxic metal. But in the present investigation Ni and Pb level in forages were below the toxic level, so the ruminants feeding on these forage species had no chance of Pb and Ni toxicity. On the other hand, Mn concentration in the forage species under observation was below the critical level. So the grazing animals at this location need continued mineral supplementation of Mn to prevent diseases caused by Mn deficiency, and to support optimum animal productivity. The objective of this study was to examine the potential for forage analysis as indicators of likely mineral deficiencies or excesses of grazing livestock during different sewage water treatments.展开更多
A field study was carried out with the objective to determine the effect of various levels of nitrogen on growth, development, yield and yield components of different sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids i.e. Hysu...A field study was carried out with the objective to determine the effect of various levels of nitrogen on growth, development, yield and yield components of different sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids i.e. Hysun-33 and S-78 were evaluated under agro-climatic conditions of Sargodha, Pakistan during spring 2013. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having three replications, keeping cultivars in the main plots and N levels in the subplots. The net plot size was 4.2 m × 6 m. The growth parameters such are leaf area, leaf area duration and yield parameters were observed are Days to a thesis, Days to maturity, head diameter (cm), No. of achene’s per head, Achene yield (kg·ha-1) and total dry matter (kg). The results showed that increasing the nitrogen rate also increased the No. of achene’s per head, Achene yield (kg·ha-1) and total dry matter (kg) in S-78 hybrid where the nitrogen application rate was 180 kg·ha-1 as compared to Hysun-33 cultivar.展开更多
This study explains the entropy process of natural convective heating in the nanofluid-saturated cavity in a heated fin andmagnetic field.The temperature is constant on the Y-shaped fin,insulating the topwall while th...This study explains the entropy process of natural convective heating in the nanofluid-saturated cavity in a heated fin andmagnetic field.The temperature is constant on the Y-shaped fin,insulating the topwall while the remaining walls remain cold.All walls are subject to impermeability and non-slip conditions.The mathematical modeling of the problem is demonstrated by the continuity,momentum,and energy equations incorporating the inclined magnetic field.For elucidating the flow characteristics Finite ElementMethod(FEM)is implemented using stable FE pair.A hybrid fine mesh is used for discretizing the domain.Velocity and thermal plots concerning parameters are drawn.In addition,a detailed discussion regarding generation energy by monitoring changes in magnetic,viscous,total,and thermal irreversibility is provided.In addition,line graphs are created for the u and v components of the velocity profile to predict the flow behavior.Current simulations assume the dimensionless representative of magnetic field Hartmann number Ha between 0 and 100 and a magnetic field inclination between 0 and 90 degrees.A constant 4% volume proportion of nanoparticles is employed throughout all scenarios.展开更多
This research is devoted to diagnosing water-borne infectious diseases caused by floods employing a novel diagnosis approach,the Einstein hybrid structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set.This approach integrates pa...This research is devoted to diagnosing water-borne infectious diseases caused by floods employing a novel diagnosis approach,the Einstein hybrid structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set.This approach integrates parts of fuzzy logic and soft set theory to develop a robust alternative for disease detection in stressful situations,especially in areas affected by floods.Compared to the traditional intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and Pythagorean fuzzy soft set,the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set(q-ROFSS)adequately incorporates unclear and indeterminate facts.The major objective of this investigation is to formulate the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft Einstein hybrid weighted average(q-ROFSEHWA)operator and its specific characteristics.Moreover,our stated operator is implementing intelligentmulti-criteria group decision-making(MCGDM)methodology.Floods are severe natural catastrophes that raise the risk of diseases and epidemics,particularly those caused by contaminants in the water,such as gastrointestinal diseases,respiratory infections,vector-borne diseases,skin infections,and water-borne parasites.The designed MCGDM strategy tackles the prevalence of certain conditions in flood-affected patients.A comparative investigation determined that the suggested method for detecting water-borne infectious disease due to floods is more effective and productive than conventional methods because of its logical structure.展开更多
The present investigation centers on the impact of viscous dissipation and ohmic heating on the plume generated by a line heat source under the impact of an aligned magnetic field.In this study,the flow model is adapt...The present investigation centers on the impact of viscous dissipation and ohmic heating on the plume generated by a line heat source under the impact of an aligned magnetic field.In this study,the flow model is adapted to incorporate ohmic heating and viscous dissipation by including the respective terms in the energy equation.A mathematical model is formulated as a system of coupled partial differential equations to analyze the flow problem.Subsequently,a numerical solution is derived with stream function formulation for the system of coupled partial differential equations,which transmutes it into ordinary differential equations.To achieve this,the numerical properties of the problem are established through the utilization of the Shooting method in tandem with the MATLAB tool bvp4c.The graphical representations of both missing and specified boundary conditions depict the effects of the magnetic parameter,viscous dissipation variable,magnetic force parameter,Prandtl number,and magnetic Prandtl number.These are accompanied by a discussion of their respective physical implications.The observed results claimed that the velocity,current density,and temperature distribution decrease for enhancing magnetic parameters.Meanwhile,the skin friction and magnetic flux drop while the heat transfer rate increases with an increment in magnetic parameters.These fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics were observed to decrease for increasing viscous dissipation.The current work is novel in incorporating ohmic heating viscous dissipation in energy equations coupled with Max-well and magnetic induction equations.展开更多
Green supplier selection is an important debate in green supply chain management(GSCM),attracting global attention from scholars,especially companies and policymakers.Companies frequently search for new ideas and stra...Green supplier selection is an important debate in green supply chain management(GSCM),attracting global attention from scholars,especially companies and policymakers.Companies frequently search for new ideas and strategies to assist them in realizing sustainable development.Because of the speculative character of human opinions,supplier selection frequently includes unreliable data,and the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy soft set(IVPFSS)provides an exceptional capacity to cope with excessive fuzziness,inconsistency,and inexactness through the decision-making procedure.The main goal of this study is to come up with new operational laws for interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy soft numbers(IVPFSNs)and create two interaction operators-the intervalvalued Pythagorean fuzzy soft interaction weighted average(IVPFSIWA)and the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy soft interaction weighted geometric(IVPFSIWG)operators,and analyze their properties.These operators are highly advantageous in addressing uncertain problems by considering membership and non-membership values within intervals,providing a superior solution to other methods.Moreover,specialist judgments were calculated by the MCGDM technique,supporting the use of interaction AOs to regulate the interdependence and fundamental partiality of green supplier assessment aspects.Lastly,a statistical clarification of the planned method for green supplier selection is presented.展开更多
A hydroponics experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of potassium (K) and silicon (Si) in mitigating the deleterious effects of NaCl on sugarcane genotypes differing in salt tolerance.Two salt-sensitive (CPF 24...A hydroponics experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of potassium (K) and silicon (Si) in mitigating the deleterious effects of NaCl on sugarcane genotypes differing in salt tolerance.Two salt-sensitive (CPF 243 and SPF 213) and two salt-tolerant (HSF 240 and CP 77-400) sugarcane genotypes were grown for six weeks in 1/2 strength Johnson's nutrient solution.The nutrient solution was salinized by two NaCl levels (0 and 100 mmol L 1 NaCl) and supplied with two levels of K (0 and 3 mmol L 1) and Si (0 and 2 mmol L 1).Applied NaCl enhanced Na + concentration in plant tissues and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced shoot and root dry matter in four sugarcane genotypes.However,the magnitude of reduction was much greater in salt-sensitive genotypes than salt-tolerant genotypes.The salts interfered with the absorption of K + and Ca 2+ and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased their uptake in sugarcane genotypes.Addition of K and Si either alone or in combination significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited the uptake and transport of Na + from roots to shoots and improved dry matter yields under NaCl conditions.Potassium uptake,K + /Na + ratios,and Ca 2+ and Si uptake were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by the addition of K and/or Si to the root medium.In this study,K and Si-enhanced salt tolerance in sugarcane genotypes was ascribed to decreased Na + concentration and increased K + with a resultant improvement in K + /Na + ratio,which is a good indicator to assess plant tolerance to salt stress.However,further verification of these results is warranted under field conditions.展开更多
The Reshian-Lamnian area within the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis in Pakistan is composed mainly of the rocks of the Salkhala,Panjal and Murree formations.Base metal sulfide mineralization in the form of sphalerite and gale...The Reshian-Lamnian area within the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis in Pakistan is composed mainly of the rocks of the Salkhala,Panjal and Murree formations.Base metal sulfide mineralization in the form of sphalerite and galena with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite is present within the Salkhala Formation of the study area.Chemically all these ore phases are homogeneous in composition.The Pb isotopic composition of galena from the area suggests that there is very little or negligible variation in the ratios of 206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb.Modal ages ranging from 509 to 562 Ma and the μ values of 10.71 to 10.93 have been calculated for the studied Pb-Zn mineralization.On the basis of field features,mineralogy and Pb-isotope signatures,it is concluded that the Pb-Zn sulfide mineralization in the Reshian-Lamnia area is pre-Himalayan in age and can be correlated with the Cambro-Ordovician(Pan-African) orogenic event.展开更多
A new sulfonamide, 4-{（4-nitrophenylsulfonamido）methyl}cyclohexanecarboxylic acid（C14H18N2O6S）, has been synthesized by the reaction of tranexamic acid and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride in basic medium at room t...A new sulfonamide, 4-{（4-nitrophenylsulfonamido）methyl}cyclohexanecarboxylic acid（C14H18N2O6S）, has been synthesized by the reaction of tranexamic acid and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride in basic medium at room temperature. The molecular structure was determined by FT-IR, NMR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray technique. X-ray diffraction shows that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 13.5980（7）, b = 4.9877（2）, c = 23.3878（13） A, β = 93.254（3）°, Z = 4, V = 1583.67（14） A3, μ = 0.237 mm-1, F（000） = 720, R = 0.0471 and w R = 0.1182. The molecules are related by inversion and paired into dimers via C–H…O interactions. The dimmers are interlinked due to strong N–H…O bonds, where O-atoms are of sulfonyl groups. The molecules are stabilized in the form of infinite two-dimensional network with base vectors [0 1 0] and [0 0 –1] in the plane（1 0 2）. The existence of good intermolecular interactions suggests the biological importance of the synthesized molecule. The compound was screened for its interaction with FS-DNA using UV-visible spectroscopy. UV-visible spectroscopic results depict that the compound interacts with DNA by mixed binding mode intercalation along with hydrogen bonding. Negative values of ΔG（–23.34, –17.79 k J·mol-1） indicate spontaneity of the compound-DNA adduct formation.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted during spring 2011 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Zn uptake and grain yield in three maize hybrids ...A field experiment was conducted during spring 2011 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Zn uptake and grain yield in three maize hybrids namely Pioneer-32F 10, Monsanto-6525 and Hycorn-8288 through the application of Zn in the form of ZnSO4. The ZnSO4 treatments comprised;soil application at the time of sowing @ 12 kg·ha-1 (Zn1), foliar application at vegetative stage (9 leaf stage) @ 1% ZnSO4 solution (Zn2) and foliar application at reproductive stage (anthesis) @ 1% ZnSO4 solution (Zn3) and one treatment was kept as a control, where zinc was not applied (Zn0). The experimental results showed substantial difference in all physiological and yield parameters except plant height and stem diameter. Statistically maximum grain yield (8.76 t·ha-1) was obtained with foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage (Zn2) in case of Monsanto-6525. As regard to quality parameters, Pioneer-32F 10 and Hycorn-8288 accumulated more zinc contents in grains but Monsanto-6525 attained more zinc concentration in straw. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage produced 19.42% more zinc contents in grains as compared to other ZnSO4 treatments. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage in Monsanto-6525 hybrid produced higher grain yield.展开更多
A novel 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole（C18H21N3O3） was synthesized by a one-pot three component reaction of 1-azidocyclohexane, 1-copper（I） phenylethyne and ethoxalyl chloride at room temperature. The molecul...A novel 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole（C18H21N3O3） was synthesized by a one-pot three component reaction of 1-azidocyclohexane, 1-copper（I） phenylethyne and ethoxalyl chloride at room temperature. The molecular structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 12.8167（9）, b = 8.0966（6）, c = 16.7079（9） A, β = 98.716（2）°, Z = 4 and V = 1713.8（2）. In the crystal, the molecules are related by inversion and paired into dimers via C–H…O and C–O…C interactions involving（oxo） acetate groups. Furthermore, X-ray analysis results are compared with the optimized structure computed by using B3 LYP method with 6-311 G basis set. The calculated results showed that optimized geometry can well reproduce the crystal structure parameters. The bioassay results indicate that the compound has good antibacterial and antifungal activities.展开更多
Selection and use of molecular markers for evaluation of DNA polymorphism in plants are couple of the most important approaches in the field of molecular genetics.The assessment of genetic diversity using morphologica...Selection and use of molecular markers for evaluation of DNA polymorphism in plants are couple of the most important approaches in the field of molecular genetics.The assessment of genetic diversity using morphological markers is not sufficient due to little differentiating traits among the species,genera or their individuals.Morphological markers are not only highly influenced by environmental factors but skilled assessment is also prerequisite to find the variations in plant genetic resources.Therefore,molecular markers are considered as efficient tools for detailed DNA based characterization of fruit crops.Molecular markers provide new directions to the efforts of plant breeders particularly in genetic variability,gene tags,gene localization,taxonomy,genetic diversity,phylogenetic analysis and also play an important role to decrease the time required for development of new and excellent cultivars.The success of molecular markers technology in genetic improvement programs depends on the close relationship among the plant breeders,biotechnologists,skilled manpower and good financial support.The present review describes application and success of molecular markers technology used for genetic improvement in different fruit crops.展开更多
Two new 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles-4-carboxylates were synthesized via click reaction. Compound 1a was synthesized by the interaction of 6-nitro-tetrazolo[1.5-a]-pyridine with ethyl propynoate at room temperatu...Two new 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles-4-carboxylates were synthesized via click reaction. Compound 1a was synthesized by the interaction of 6-nitro-tetrazolo[1.5-a]-pyridine with ethyl propynoate at room temperature in the presence of Cu（OAc）2 as a catalyst and THF as solvent. Compound 1b was also synthesized by the same manner except that tert-butyl propionate, instead of ethyl propynoate, was used. The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1a（C10H9N5O4） crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 5.0894（9）, b = 8.9834（13）, c = 13.089（2） ？, α= 83.041（7）, β= 80.256（7）, γ=87.296（8）°, V = 585.24（16）？3, Z = 2, Mr = 263.22, crystal size（mm） = 0.37 × 0.20 ×0.18,（I 〉 2σ（I）） = 8557, 2493, 1229, Rint = 0.057. Compound 1b（C12H13N5O4） crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 6.8854（5）, b = 21.783（2）, c = 9.3986（8） ？,β = 93.239（4）°, V = 1407.4（2）？3, Z = 4, Mr = 291.27, crystal size（mm） = 0.38 × 0.22 × 0.20,（I 〉 2σ（I）） = 11842, 3172, 1866, Rint = 0.047. Antimicrobial assay results showed that the title compounds display excellent activities to different bacterial and fungal strains.展开更多
A comparative study of radio-frequency atmospheric pressure glow discharge(rf APGD)generated in helium with and without dielectric electrodes to investigate the effect of electrodes insulation on electrical features o...A comparative study of radio-frequency atmospheric pressure glow discharge(rf APGD)generated in helium with and without dielectric electrodes to investigate the effect of electrodes insulation on electrical features of APGD is presented. In the α mode, both the rf APGDs remain volumetric, stable and uniform. In the γ mode, the APGD without dielectric electrodes shrinks into a constricted plasma column whereas APGD with dielectric electrodes remains stable and retains the same volume without plasma constriction even at higher densities of discharge current. A comparison of electrical features of both rf APGDs in normal and abnormal glow discharge regimes is presented. In both APGDs with and without dielectric electrodes,impedance measurements have been performed and compared with equivalent circuit models.The measured impedance data is found to be in good agreement with simulated data.展开更多
The precipitation of authigenic quartz plays a significant role to reduce the reservoir characteristics and enhance the stiffness of the rock.The Es_(1) sandstone of Shahejie Formation is acting as a significant hydro...The precipitation of authigenic quartz plays a significant role to reduce the reservoir characteristics and enhance the stiffness of the rock.The Es_(1) sandstone of Shahejie Formation is acting as a significant hydrocarbon producing rock in the Nanpu Sag.Various methods like thin section petrography,cathodoluminescence(CL),scanning electron microscope(SEM,with EDS),and electron microprobe analysis has been used to reveal the origin of quartz cement as well as to evaluate the effect of quartz cement on reservoir quality.The studied sandstone is classified as immature to mature feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose and consists of quartz,feldspar,rock fragments and micas.Petrographic studies and SEM analysis shows that the authigenic quartz is acting a significant cement that reduces the reservoir quality.Whereas clay minerals(kaolinite and mixed layer illite to smectite)are dominant in the Es_(1) sandstone,that can reduce the reservoir quality.SEM,CL and thin section analysis reveal that there are two stages of quartz cement in the studied samples;that are pore filling authigenic cement and quartz overgrowth cement.Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures shows that stages of quartz cement were developed with continuous process from 70℃ to 130℃.Quartz cements were generally originated from I/S reaction,feldspar dissolution,conversion of rock fragments and pressure solution.Feldspar dissolution(K-feldspar)and kaolinite to illite reaction is an insignificant silica source for the silica cement which is internally precipitated in a close system with diffusion transporting mechanism.Overall,quartz cement significantly enhance the rock strengthen and brittleness effectively as well as it reduce the overall reservoir quality.展开更多
基金supported by the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University(QU-APC-2024-9/1).
文摘Due to the numerous variables to take into account as well as the inherent ambiguity and uncertainty,evaluating educational institutions can be difficult.The concept of a possibility Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft set(pPyFHSS)is more flexible in this regard than other theoretical fuzzy set-like models,even though some attempts have been made in the literature to address such uncertainties.This study investigates the elementary notions of pPyFHSS including its set-theoretic operations union,intersection,complement,OR-and AND-operations.Some results related to these operations are also modified for pPyFHSS.Additionally,the similarity measures between pPyFHSSs are formulated with the assistance of numerical examples and results.Lastly,an intelligent decision-assisted mechanism is developed with the proposal of a robust algorithm based on similarity measures for solving multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)problems.A case study that helps the decision-makers assess the best educational institution is discussed to validate the suggested system.The algorithmic results are compared with the most pertinent model to evaluate the adaptability of pPyFHSS,as it generalizes the classical possibility fuzzy set-like theoretical models.Similarly,while considering significant evaluating factors,the flexibility of pPyFHSS is observed through structural comparison.
文摘Ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using water as the solvent through the sol-gel method, which was selected for its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and eco-friendly nature. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using a variety of techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). These characterizations confirmed the successful formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The FTIR spectra identified characteristic peaks corresponding to the functional groups present, and XRD analysis, using Scherer’s equation, determined an average crystalline size of 1.2 nm for the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. TGA results demonstrated the thermal stability of the nanoparticles, SEM imaging revealed distinct honeycomb-like structures for the nanoparticles synthesized with water as the solvent, while the VSM analysis was used to determine the magnetic behavior of the nanoparticles.
文摘The present study was designed to evaluate the susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatuns against malathion in Sargodha district of Pakistan. The activities of detoxifying enzymes i.e., β-esterases, GSTs and monooxygenases were also estimated. Our results revealed 100 percent mortality in insecticide treated groups after 24 hours of exposure. There was no difference in the activities of insecticide detoxifying enzymes between control and treated groups. We concluded from our work that malathion is still effective against C. quinquefasciatuns in the area for control of mosquito population.
文摘Decision support system for agro-technology transfer (DSSAT), OIL CROP-SUN Model was used to stimulate the phenology, growth, yield of different two sunflower hybrids. i.e. Hysun-33 and S-78 by applying different nitrogen levels. The effect of nitrogen (N) on growth and yield components of different sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids were evaluated under agro-climatic conditions of Sargodha, Pakistan during spring 2013. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having three replications, keeping cultivars in the main plots and nitrogen levels (0, 45, 90,135 and 180 kg/ha) in sub plots. OIL CROP-SUN Model showed that the model was able to simulate the growth and yield of sunflower with an average of 10.44 error% between observed and simulate achene yield (AY). The result of simulation indicates that nitrogen rate of 180 kg/ha produced highest achene yield in S-78 hybrid as compared to other treatments and Hysun-33 cultivar.
文摘The experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of crop system (DSSAT) OILCROP-SUN model simulating growth & development and achene yield of sunflower hybrids in response to nitrogen under irrigated conditions in semi arid environment, Sargodha, Punjab. The model was evaluated with observed data collected in trials which were conducted during spring season in 2010 and 2011 in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Split plot design was used in layout of experiment with three replications. The hybrids (Hysun-33 & S-278) and N levels (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) were allotted in main and sub plots, respectively. The OILCROP-SUN model showed that the model was able to simulate growth and yield of sunflower with an average of 10.44 error% between observed and simulated achene yield (AY). The results of simulation analysis indicated that nitrogen rate of 150 kg.N.ha-1 (N3) produced the highest yield as compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the economic analysis through mean Gini Dominance also showed the dominance of this treatment compared to other treatment combinations. Thus management strategy consisting?of treatment 150 kg.N.ha-1 was the best for high yield of sunflower hybrids.
文摘The use of sewage water for agricultural purpose has tremendously increased during the last few years due to shortage of water availability, especially in semi-arid regions. Despite of many nutrients recycling advantages of sewage water, farmers are not fully aware of its harmful chemical composition. Heavy metals toxicity in soil and crops results from the long term use of sewage effluent for irrigation purposes. The present study was conducted to assess effect of sewage water on the uptake of Ni, Pb and Mn in different forage species with respect to the nutrient requirement of the grazing ruminants inSargodha,Punjab,Pakistan. Five samples each of six fodder species viz., Trifolium alexandrinum, Cichorium intybus, Avena sativa, Medicago polymorpha, Brassica campestris and Medicago sativa were collected from three fields irrigated with canal water, mix water (canal plus sewage water) and sewage water respectively. Pb, Ni and Mn concentration in the forage species during different treatments varied from 0.624 to1.672 mg/g, 7.364 to 10.17 mg/g and 5.136 to 12.422 mg/kg respectively. High value of Pb and Mn concentrations was observed during sewage water treatment. Lead is a non-essential element and is a very toxic metal. But in the present investigation Ni and Pb level in forages were below the toxic level, so the ruminants feeding on these forage species had no chance of Pb and Ni toxicity. On the other hand, Mn concentration in the forage species under observation was below the critical level. So the grazing animals at this location need continued mineral supplementation of Mn to prevent diseases caused by Mn deficiency, and to support optimum animal productivity. The objective of this study was to examine the potential for forage analysis as indicators of likely mineral deficiencies or excesses of grazing livestock during different sewage water treatments.
文摘A field study was carried out with the objective to determine the effect of various levels of nitrogen on growth, development, yield and yield components of different sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids i.e. Hysun-33 and S-78 were evaluated under agro-climatic conditions of Sargodha, Pakistan during spring 2013. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having three replications, keeping cultivars in the main plots and N levels in the subplots. The net plot size was 4.2 m × 6 m. The growth parameters such are leaf area, leaf area duration and yield parameters were observed are Days to a thesis, Days to maturity, head diameter (cm), No. of achene’s per head, Achene yield (kg·ha-1) and total dry matter (kg). The results showed that increasing the nitrogen rate also increased the No. of achene’s per head, Achene yield (kg·ha-1) and total dry matter (kg) in S-78 hybrid where the nitrogen application rate was 180 kg·ha-1 as compared to Hysun-33 cultivar.
文摘This study explains the entropy process of natural convective heating in the nanofluid-saturated cavity in a heated fin andmagnetic field.The temperature is constant on the Y-shaped fin,insulating the topwall while the remaining walls remain cold.All walls are subject to impermeability and non-slip conditions.The mathematical modeling of the problem is demonstrated by the continuity,momentum,and energy equations incorporating the inclined magnetic field.For elucidating the flow characteristics Finite ElementMethod(FEM)is implemented using stable FE pair.A hybrid fine mesh is used for discretizing the domain.Velocity and thermal plots concerning parameters are drawn.In addition,a detailed discussion regarding generation energy by monitoring changes in magnetic,viscous,total,and thermal irreversibility is provided.In addition,line graphs are created for the u and v components of the velocity profile to predict the flow behavior.Current simulations assume the dimensionless representative of magnetic field Hartmann number Ha between 0 and 100 and a magnetic field inclination between 0 and 90 degrees.A constant 4% volume proportion of nanoparticles is employed throughout all scenarios.
基金funded by King Saud University,Research Supporting Project Number(RSP2024R167),Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘This research is devoted to diagnosing water-borne infectious diseases caused by floods employing a novel diagnosis approach,the Einstein hybrid structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set.This approach integrates parts of fuzzy logic and soft set theory to develop a robust alternative for disease detection in stressful situations,especially in areas affected by floods.Compared to the traditional intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and Pythagorean fuzzy soft set,the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set(q-ROFSS)adequately incorporates unclear and indeterminate facts.The major objective of this investigation is to formulate the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft Einstein hybrid weighted average(q-ROFSEHWA)operator and its specific characteristics.Moreover,our stated operator is implementing intelligentmulti-criteria group decision-making(MCGDM)methodology.Floods are severe natural catastrophes that raise the risk of diseases and epidemics,particularly those caused by contaminants in the water,such as gastrointestinal diseases,respiratory infections,vector-borne diseases,skin infections,and water-borne parasites.The designed MCGDM strategy tackles the prevalence of certain conditions in flood-affected patients.A comparative investigation determined that the suggested method for detecting water-borne infectious disease due to floods is more effective and productive than conventional methods because of its logical structure.
基金supported by the National Foreign Expert Project-Foreign Youth Talent Program Fund No.QN2023001001Beijing Natural Science Foundation Project-Foreign Scholar Program Fund No.IS23046/ZW001A00202301+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Fund No.12202019Beijing PostdoctoralResearch Activities Fund No.Q6001A00202301.
文摘The present investigation centers on the impact of viscous dissipation and ohmic heating on the plume generated by a line heat source under the impact of an aligned magnetic field.In this study,the flow model is adapted to incorporate ohmic heating and viscous dissipation by including the respective terms in the energy equation.A mathematical model is formulated as a system of coupled partial differential equations to analyze the flow problem.Subsequently,a numerical solution is derived with stream function formulation for the system of coupled partial differential equations,which transmutes it into ordinary differential equations.To achieve this,the numerical properties of the problem are established through the utilization of the Shooting method in tandem with the MATLAB tool bvp4c.The graphical representations of both missing and specified boundary conditions depict the effects of the magnetic parameter,viscous dissipation variable,magnetic force parameter,Prandtl number,and magnetic Prandtl number.These are accompanied by a discussion of their respective physical implications.The observed results claimed that the velocity,current density,and temperature distribution decrease for enhancing magnetic parameters.Meanwhile,the skin friction and magnetic flux drop while the heat transfer rate increases with an increment in magnetic parameters.These fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics were observed to decrease for increasing viscous dissipation.The current work is novel in incorporating ohmic heating viscous dissipation in energy equations coupled with Max-well and magnetic induction equations.
基金funded by King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Green supplier selection is an important debate in green supply chain management(GSCM),attracting global attention from scholars,especially companies and policymakers.Companies frequently search for new ideas and strategies to assist them in realizing sustainable development.Because of the speculative character of human opinions,supplier selection frequently includes unreliable data,and the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy soft set(IVPFSS)provides an exceptional capacity to cope with excessive fuzziness,inconsistency,and inexactness through the decision-making procedure.The main goal of this study is to come up with new operational laws for interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy soft numbers(IVPFSNs)and create two interaction operators-the intervalvalued Pythagorean fuzzy soft interaction weighted average(IVPFSIWA)and the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy soft interaction weighted geometric(IVPFSIWG)operators,and analyze their properties.These operators are highly advantageous in addressing uncertain problems by considering membership and non-membership values within intervals,providing a superior solution to other methods.Moreover,specialist judgments were calculated by the MCGDM technique,supporting the use of interaction AOs to regulate the interdependence and fundamental partiality of green supplier assessment aspects.Lastly,a statistical clarification of the planned method for green supplier selection is presented.
基金Project supported by the Indigenous Ph.D. Scholarship Scheme of the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan
文摘A hydroponics experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of potassium (K) and silicon (Si) in mitigating the deleterious effects of NaCl on sugarcane genotypes differing in salt tolerance.Two salt-sensitive (CPF 243 and SPF 213) and two salt-tolerant (HSF 240 and CP 77-400) sugarcane genotypes were grown for six weeks in 1/2 strength Johnson's nutrient solution.The nutrient solution was salinized by two NaCl levels (0 and 100 mmol L 1 NaCl) and supplied with two levels of K (0 and 3 mmol L 1) and Si (0 and 2 mmol L 1).Applied NaCl enhanced Na + concentration in plant tissues and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced shoot and root dry matter in four sugarcane genotypes.However,the magnitude of reduction was much greater in salt-sensitive genotypes than salt-tolerant genotypes.The salts interfered with the absorption of K + and Ca 2+ and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased their uptake in sugarcane genotypes.Addition of K and Si either alone or in combination significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited the uptake and transport of Na + from roots to shoots and improved dry matter yields under NaCl conditions.Potassium uptake,K + /Na + ratios,and Ca 2+ and Si uptake were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by the addition of K and/or Si to the root medium.In this study,K and Si-enhanced salt tolerance in sugarcane genotypes was ascribed to decreased Na + concentration and increased K + with a resultant improvement in K + /Na + ratio,which is a good indicator to assess plant tolerance to salt stress.However,further verification of these results is warranted under field conditions.
文摘The Reshian-Lamnian area within the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis in Pakistan is composed mainly of the rocks of the Salkhala,Panjal and Murree formations.Base metal sulfide mineralization in the form of sphalerite and galena with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite is present within the Salkhala Formation of the study area.Chemically all these ore phases are homogeneous in composition.The Pb isotopic composition of galena from the area suggests that there is very little or negligible variation in the ratios of 206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb.Modal ages ranging from 509 to 562 Ma and the μ values of 10.71 to 10.93 have been calculated for the studied Pb-Zn mineralization.On the basis of field features,mineralogy and Pb-isotope signatures,it is concluded that the Pb-Zn sulfide mineralization in the Reshian-Lamnia area is pre-Himalayan in age and can be correlated with the Cambro-Ordovician(Pan-African) orogenic event.
基金This project(P-2549)was supported by Higher Education Commission(HEC)Govt.of Pakistan
文摘A new sulfonamide, 4-{（4-nitrophenylsulfonamido）methyl}cyclohexanecarboxylic acid（C14H18N2O6S）, has been synthesized by the reaction of tranexamic acid and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride in basic medium at room temperature. The molecular structure was determined by FT-IR, NMR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray technique. X-ray diffraction shows that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 13.5980（7）, b = 4.9877（2）, c = 23.3878（13） A, β = 93.254（3）°, Z = 4, V = 1583.67（14） A3, μ = 0.237 mm-1, F（000） = 720, R = 0.0471 and w R = 0.1182. The molecules are related by inversion and paired into dimers via C–H…O interactions. The dimmers are interlinked due to strong N–H…O bonds, where O-atoms are of sulfonyl groups. The molecules are stabilized in the form of infinite two-dimensional network with base vectors [0 1 0] and [0 0 –1] in the plane（1 0 2）. The existence of good intermolecular interactions suggests the biological importance of the synthesized molecule. The compound was screened for its interaction with FS-DNA using UV-visible spectroscopy. UV-visible spectroscopic results depict that the compound interacts with DNA by mixed binding mode intercalation along with hydrogen bonding. Negative values of ΔG（–23.34, –17.79 k J·mol-1） indicate spontaneity of the compound-DNA adduct formation.
文摘A field experiment was conducted during spring 2011 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Zn uptake and grain yield in three maize hybrids namely Pioneer-32F 10, Monsanto-6525 and Hycorn-8288 through the application of Zn in the form of ZnSO4. The ZnSO4 treatments comprised;soil application at the time of sowing @ 12 kg·ha-1 (Zn1), foliar application at vegetative stage (9 leaf stage) @ 1% ZnSO4 solution (Zn2) and foliar application at reproductive stage (anthesis) @ 1% ZnSO4 solution (Zn3) and one treatment was kept as a control, where zinc was not applied (Zn0). The experimental results showed substantial difference in all physiological and yield parameters except plant height and stem diameter. Statistically maximum grain yield (8.76 t·ha-1) was obtained with foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage (Zn2) in case of Monsanto-6525. As regard to quality parameters, Pioneer-32F 10 and Hycorn-8288 accumulated more zinc contents in grains but Monsanto-6525 attained more zinc concentration in straw. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage produced 19.42% more zinc contents in grains as compared to other ZnSO4 treatments. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage in Monsanto-6525 hybrid produced higher grain yield.
基金supported by Higher Education Commission(HEC)Govt.of Pakistan
文摘A novel 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole（C18H21N3O3） was synthesized by a one-pot three component reaction of 1-azidocyclohexane, 1-copper（I） phenylethyne and ethoxalyl chloride at room temperature. The molecular structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 12.8167（9）, b = 8.0966（6）, c = 16.7079（9） A, β = 98.716（2）°, Z = 4 and V = 1713.8（2）. In the crystal, the molecules are related by inversion and paired into dimers via C–H…O and C–O…C interactions involving（oxo） acetate groups. Furthermore, X-ray analysis results are compared with the optimized structure computed by using B3 LYP method with 6-311 G basis set. The calculated results showed that optimized geometry can well reproduce the crystal structure parameters. The bioassay results indicate that the compound has good antibacterial and antifungal activities.
文摘Selection and use of molecular markers for evaluation of DNA polymorphism in plants are couple of the most important approaches in the field of molecular genetics.The assessment of genetic diversity using morphological markers is not sufficient due to little differentiating traits among the species,genera or their individuals.Morphological markers are not only highly influenced by environmental factors but skilled assessment is also prerequisite to find the variations in plant genetic resources.Therefore,molecular markers are considered as efficient tools for detailed DNA based characterization of fruit crops.Molecular markers provide new directions to the efforts of plant breeders particularly in genetic variability,gene tags,gene localization,taxonomy,genetic diversity,phylogenetic analysis and also play an important role to decrease the time required for development of new and excellent cultivars.The success of molecular markers technology in genetic improvement programs depends on the close relationship among the plant breeders,biotechnologists,skilled manpower and good financial support.The present review describes application and success of molecular markers technology used for genetic improvement in different fruit crops.
基金supported by the Higher Education Commision(HEC),Govt.of Pakistan
文摘Two new 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles-4-carboxylates were synthesized via click reaction. Compound 1a was synthesized by the interaction of 6-nitro-tetrazolo[1.5-a]-pyridine with ethyl propynoate at room temperature in the presence of Cu（OAc）2 as a catalyst and THF as solvent. Compound 1b was also synthesized by the same manner except that tert-butyl propionate, instead of ethyl propynoate, was used. The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1a（C10H9N5O4） crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 5.0894（9）, b = 8.9834（13）, c = 13.089（2） ？, α= 83.041（7）, β= 80.256（7）, γ=87.296（8）°, V = 585.24（16）？3, Z = 2, Mr = 263.22, crystal size（mm） = 0.37 × 0.20 ×0.18,（I 〉 2σ（I）） = 8557, 2493, 1229, Rint = 0.057. Compound 1b（C12H13N5O4） crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 6.8854（5）, b = 21.783（2）, c = 9.3986（8） ？,β = 93.239（4）°, V = 1407.4（2）？3, Z = 4, Mr = 291.27, crystal size（mm） = 0.38 × 0.22 × 0.20,（I 〉 2σ（I）） = 11842, 3172, 1866, Rint = 0.047. Antimicrobial assay results showed that the title compounds display excellent activities to different bacterial and fungal strains.
基金partially supported by the Higher Education Commission Project No. 1852
文摘A comparative study of radio-frequency atmospheric pressure glow discharge(rf APGD)generated in helium with and without dielectric electrodes to investigate the effect of electrodes insulation on electrical features of APGD is presented. In the α mode, both the rf APGDs remain volumetric, stable and uniform. In the γ mode, the APGD without dielectric electrodes shrinks into a constricted plasma column whereas APGD with dielectric electrodes remains stable and retains the same volume without plasma constriction even at higher densities of discharge current. A comparison of electrical features of both rf APGDs in normal and abnormal glow discharge regimes is presented. In both APGDs with and without dielectric electrodes,impedance measurements have been performed and compared with equivalent circuit models.The measured impedance data is found to be in good agreement with simulated data.
基金China Scholarship Council(CSC)for granting me a full scholarship(2015-2018)to carry out the researchfunded by the Natural Science Foundation of China Project(Grant No.41602138)+3 种基金National Science and Technology Special Grant(Grant No.2016ZX05006-007)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation-funded project(Grant Nos.2015M5806172017T100524)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.15CX08001A)。
文摘The precipitation of authigenic quartz plays a significant role to reduce the reservoir characteristics and enhance the stiffness of the rock.The Es_(1) sandstone of Shahejie Formation is acting as a significant hydrocarbon producing rock in the Nanpu Sag.Various methods like thin section petrography,cathodoluminescence(CL),scanning electron microscope(SEM,with EDS),and electron microprobe analysis has been used to reveal the origin of quartz cement as well as to evaluate the effect of quartz cement on reservoir quality.The studied sandstone is classified as immature to mature feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose and consists of quartz,feldspar,rock fragments and micas.Petrographic studies and SEM analysis shows that the authigenic quartz is acting a significant cement that reduces the reservoir quality.Whereas clay minerals(kaolinite and mixed layer illite to smectite)are dominant in the Es_(1) sandstone,that can reduce the reservoir quality.SEM,CL and thin section analysis reveal that there are two stages of quartz cement in the studied samples;that are pore filling authigenic cement and quartz overgrowth cement.Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures shows that stages of quartz cement were developed with continuous process from 70℃ to 130℃.Quartz cements were generally originated from I/S reaction,feldspar dissolution,conversion of rock fragments and pressure solution.Feldspar dissolution(K-feldspar)and kaolinite to illite reaction is an insignificant silica source for the silica cement which is internally precipitated in a close system with diffusion transporting mechanism.Overall,quartz cement significantly enhance the rock strengthen and brittleness effectively as well as it reduce the overall reservoir quality.
