The 22nd International Congress of Historical Sciences,to which Chinese President Xi Jinping wrote a congratulatory letter,took place in 2015.This congratulatory letter has since been a subject of discussion among Chi...The 22nd International Congress of Historical Sciences,to which Chinese President Xi Jinping wrote a congratulatory letter,took place in 2015.This congratulatory letter has since been a subject of discussion among Chinese and foreign historians because it involves several fundamental issues in historical sciences.This paper presents Finnish historian Marjatta Hietala’s interview with Wang Yuji.The interview centers on four major propositions of President Xi:“Historical research forms the basis of all social sciences”;“History is our best teacher”;“Observing China’s past is an important angle for observing China today”;and“Historians can and should play an active role in building a community of shared future for mankind.”The in-depth discussion reveals the convergence and divergence of historians’opinions both at home and abroad on some fundamental issues of historical sciences.展开更多
Recent years have seen increasing academic interest in exploring the correlation between temperature and crime.However,it is uncertain whether similar long-term trends or seasonality(rather than causal effect)of tempe...Recent years have seen increasing academic interest in exploring the correlation between temperature and crime.However,it is uncertain whether similar long-term trends or seasonality(rather than causal effect)of temper-ature and crime is the major reason for the observed correlation between them.To explore whether there is still a correlation between temperature and crime when long-term trends and seasonal cycles are filtered out,we use the Kalman filter to decompose the time series of temperature and crimes,and then the fast Fourier transform is used to calculate the exact circle of their seasonality separately.Based on that,the box-plot method and linear regression are used to explore the correlation between temperature residuals and crime residuals.The results show that more than half of the crime types have similar seasonal cycles(approximately 1 year)to that of temperature.Moreover,the daily residual analyses show that temperature residuals have a positive correlation with assault and robbery residuals in all cities,whose average slopes are more than 0.1.The other four types of crimes vary greatly from case to case.The temperature residuals show a weak correlation with the residuals of some crime types.展开更多
Internet use has become an indispensable part of people’s daily lives,and the relationship between Internet use and residents’subjective well-being is receiving increasing attention from researchers.However,the exis...Internet use has become an indispensable part of people’s daily lives,and the relationship between Internet use and residents’subjective well-being is receiving increasing attention from researchers.However,the existing literature on the relationship between Internet use and residents’subjective well-being is still controversial and inconclusive,and there has been relatively little discussion of the mechanisms by which Internet use affects well-being.On the basis of data from the China General Social Survey 2015(CGSS2015),this paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of Internet usage on residents’subjective wellbeing.The study finds that while Internet use had no significant impact on the well-being of residents compared to non-use,frequency of Internet usage did significantly improve subjective well-being.On this basis,we tested the mechanisms by which Internet use affects residents’well-being through the three channels of the personal income effect,the human capital effect and the social capital effect.The findings partially verify the hypothesis of the mediating effect of social capital between Internet use and residents’subjective wellbeing,but do not verify the hypothesis of the moderating effect of personal income and human capital.Compared with previous studies,this paper is innovative in the following three ways:it uses the latest available representative national microdata,which is better able to reflect recent Internet usage and its impact on residents’subjective well-being;on the basis of existing research on the impact of Internet usage on residents’well-being,it analyzes the specific mechanisms through which Internet use affects well-being,using the moderating effect model and the mediating effect model to make up for the shortcomings of existing research on the impact mechanism;and it applies the Bioprobit model to deal with the potential endogeneity of key explanatory variables,using a variety of model estimation methods to obtain more robust estimation results.展开更多
Since the rise of the Internet in China,China’s local governments have actively used Internet technology to facilitate public administration and public services.What impact,then,have different types of social media h...Since the rise of the Internet in China,China’s local governments have actively used Internet technology to facilitate public administration and public services.What impact,then,have different types of social media had on local governance?This paper,based on years of investigation of J Town and L Sub-district in Shanghai(2012-2018),finds that Internet technology has profoundly transformed the grassroots power structure.Before the rise of the Internet,the grassroots power structure included local government,activists and the masses;in the age of Weibo and home owners forums,grassroots opinion leaders rose,becoming an impressive social force that local government could not afford to ignore;in the age of WeChat,however,the influence of grassroots opinion leaders declined,as local government can interact directly with the masses through WeChat public accounts and WeChat group chats,with the network technology becoming a tool for micromanagement.These three stages correspond to three types of government characterized by limited mobilization,consultation,and user-friendliness,respectively.展开更多
Personal data rights in the era of big data involve coordination of the protection of civil rights and interests of natural persons on the one hand and the freedom of data companies’data activities on the other.Perso...Personal data rights in the era of big data involve coordination of the protection of civil rights and interests of natural persons on the one hand and the freedom of data companies’data activities on the other.Personal data can be the object of civil rights and as such should be regulated and protected through the system of private rights.The right of natural persons to personal data is aimed at protecting their self-determination interests in relation to those data and thus preventing the infringement of existing personal and property rights due to the illegal collection and use of personal data.Unlike real right,the right of natural persons to personal data is not an absolute right that can be positively employed;it is protected by tort law only if its infringement leads to the infringement of other civil rights.Data companies’right to personal data derives from their factual actions in legally collecting,storing and paying for these data.The data rights of data companies are a new type of property right.Their protection cannot be left solely to anti-unfair competition law;rather,they should receive systematic protection as absolute rights.展开更多
Paternity leave,a social policy first implemented in China some twenty years ago,has a direct bearing on fatherhood.It marks a preliminary attempt to promote the transition from fathers’lack of involvement to engagem...Paternity leave,a social policy first implemented in China some twenty years ago,has a direct bearing on fatherhood.It marks a preliminary attempt to promote the transition from fathers’lack of involvement to engagement founded on cultural recognition and economic and political redistribution.The intergenerational continuity of the absent father,the reproduction of this absence through the extended family,the limited fatherhood created by employers through a consensus about human feelings,and the way local governments are taking the lead in paternity leave,ahead of the central government,jointly build the mainstream model of the absent father.Fathers should indeed provide day-to-day care for their children,but only as helpers;this means that short-term paternity leave is an appropriate way for new fathers to take on their responsibilities.This notion,however,not only fails to meet the new needs,responsibilities and rights of some fathers who wish to actively care for and bond with their children,but also further consolidates the gender division of labor(in which men are innately breadwinners and women homemakers),a division that is inextricably linked with people’s interests,ethics and emotions in contemporary China.The low fertility in today’s world calls for a significant change in the gender division of labor.Actively embracing a caring role is not only a work right and an emotional right for fathers,but also heralds emerging civil rights and marks a new development in social emotions.In this sense,the transition to care-giving fathers should not be that difficult.展开更多
Reciprocity has core significance for understanding basic human living conditions:our social nature is founded on reciprocal relations,and reciprocity strengthens the ties between people.Reciprocity-based anthropology...Reciprocity has core significance for understanding basic human living conditions:our social nature is founded on reciprocal relations,and reciprocity strengthens the ties between people.Reciprocity-based anthropology is a kind of cultural logic,one that stresses the interaction between different groups.Fundamentally,it involves studying forms of the mutually beneficial relations involved in complementary differences.This perspective reconciles differences,creating a communicative space for diverse cultures’coexistence,symbiosis and sharing.The various channels formed through human activity include ways in and ways out,constant incomings and outgoings,the coexistence of different cultures,ways of life and ideas,and complementarity.The launching of the Belt and Road Initiative includes channels with multiple characteristics and functions,so research on this topic involves the analysis of society and culture based on roadways rather than locations.展开更多
The gender-based patriarchy of the Huaxia people,consisting of family and state order,inner/outer distinction and gender-based hierarchy,took shape in the period of radical transformation when the Zhou dynasty replace...The gender-based patriarchy of the Huaxia people,consisting of family and state order,inner/outer distinction and gender-based hierarchy,took shape in the period of radical transformation when the Zhou dynasty replaced the Shang dynasty and reached maturity in the Han dynasty,which had been established in the wake of the radical transformation conducted by the Zhou and Qin dynasties.On the basis of the principles of male/female distinction and the integration of family and state,Western Zhou aristocrats abolished the state structure the inner and outer governance systems(nei/waifuzhi内外服制),carried on in part the main patrilineage and surname exogamy of the Shang dynasty,and established the Huaxia patriarchal system.During the Qin and Han dynasties,the patriarchal system evolved into family and state isomorphism characterized by power-sharing between the royal house and its officials and by a two-pronged kinship system in which the male line was inner and the female line was outer.The system thus evolved into the Huaxia gender-based patriarchy,which covered spatial spheres,division of responsibilities,the kinship system,values and ethics,and codes of daily interaction and conduct.The distinction between the inner and the outer was not only a core value of the gender-based patriarchy but also its operational strategy.It also engendered such inter-related sub-systems as human functions,ethics and gender and such philosophical systems as the unity of heaven and man and the cosmic binaries of yin-yang(阴阳)and qian-kun(乾坤).The constancy(经jing)/Expedience(权quan)and Continuity(因yin)/Change(变bian)of the gender-based patriarchy,the jing/quan at the heart of the basic system and governance strategy within its constraints jointly ensured the stability and dynamism of the gender-based patriarchy of the Huaxia people.展开更多
Over the past forty years since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978,China has passed through three developmental stages:recovery,stability and flourishing growth.This development has revolved around the axis o...Over the past forty years since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978,China has passed through three developmental stages:recovery,stability and flourishing growth.This development has revolved around the axis of“politics-rule by law-rule of law-rule of law system-rule of law path-rule of law China.”By virtue of discussion of the core themes of jurisprudence and basic categories,jurisprudence has mounted ever higher.On the basis of summing up existing experience,the development and progress of Chinese jurisprudence in the new era should firmly uphold a disciplinary orientation,an indigenous orientation,a mass orientation and an orientation toward practice and modernization.We must seek new logical starting points,constantly pioneer and innovate,and contribute new wisdom and programs to the comprehensive governance of the country according to law.展开更多
According to Marxism,fairness or equity is concrete,evolving,and practice-based,and has as its ultimate aim the realization of the full and free development of man.Xi Jinping Thought on Fairness and Justice underscore...According to Marxism,fairness or equity is concrete,evolving,and practice-based,and has as its ultimate aim the realization of the full and free development of man.Xi Jinping Thought on Fairness and Justice underscores governing the country according to law,improving work styles,innovating the social governance model,and making social welfare and people＇s full and free development the point of departure and ultimate goal,in a fresh development of the Marxist approach to equity in the contemporary era.Guided by this approach,Chinese higher education institutions should break free of the traditional regimen,shifting the governance structure from bureaucratic management to shared governance and from the traditional rule of man to the rule of law.Through institutional measures and observance of the basic laws of higher education development,we can build a new type of collaborative relationship among governments,institutions of higher learning,academics and students,and society as a whole.In this way,all participants will find their proper place and realize their full potential,thus activating and enhancing the innovative capacity of higher education.Only thus will higher education institutions be able to modernize their governance systems and capacity.展开更多
Below-replacement fertility has spread from developed industrialized countries to some developing countries, including China. Based on the theory of the transformation of intimacy, this study utilizes the data from th...Below-replacement fertility has spread from developed industrialized countries to some developing countries, including China. Based on the theory of the transformation of intimacy, this study utilizes the data from the Xi'an Special Survey on Child Rearing Costs and Fertility Intentions to explore the impact of spousal relationships on the fertility intentions of young urban couples and gender differences in this regard in terms of power relations, distribution of responsibility, and emotional connection. The study reveals that 1) an inverse J-shaped relationship(initially showing a decline followed by a rise) exists between family power equalization and fertility intentions, especially for women;2) the greater the husband's share of housework, the less he will desire fertility, but a wife's level of satisfaction with her husband's housework sharing increases her fertility motivation;and 3) frequent spousal interactions and emotional intimacy contribute to increased fertility intentions, especially on the part of women. From the perspective of the transformation of intimacy, the above results suggest that the impact of spousal relationships on young couples' fertility intentions is increasingly strong and that continued promotion of gender equality in the family sphere is of great significance to reversing low total fertility rates.展开更多
Common prosperity in rural areas is integral to achieving common prosperity.This paper makes an in-depth analysis of Jiangsu and Zhejiang rural demonstration projects from a state-society interaction perspective.Pathw...Common prosperity in rural areas is integral to achieving common prosperity.This paper makes an in-depth analysis of Jiangsu and Zhejiang rural demonstration projects from a state-society interaction perspective.Pathway analysis is based on the framework of“high-level promotion-endogenous development”linked by the advancement of the building of the Communist Party of China and the Party’s leading role:high-level promotion,through multi-level responsibilization,ensures policy implementation,while endogenous development,driven by endogenous breakthroughs and economies of scale brought about by industrial integration,generates explosive dynamics through common interest bonding.By linking high-level promotion with endogenous development,the advancement of Party building and the Party’s leading role ensure benign interaction between state and society.The combined efforts of state and society creates a“common prosperity effect,”effectively solving the thorny problem of“weak society”in the welfare system of developing countries and that of the“welfare trap”in the welfare system of welfare states.This,in a sense,enables China to embark on the road to rural common prosperity.展开更多
In the historical interaction of science and philosophy,empirical science has used cumulative research to shed new light on how the science of philosophy understands fundamental scientific issues.As an effort of self-...In the historical interaction of science and philosophy,empirical science has used cumulative research to shed new light on how the science of philosophy understands fundamental scientific issues.As an effort of self-renewal,the initial impetus for the birth of cognitive science was dialogue among disciplines,with a view to making it possible to unlock the mysteries of cognition.In other words,cognitive science was to pave the way for fundamentally updating the philosophical premises of the science of mind or even making possible a new scientific worldview.As a branch of cognitive science,psychology was to have contributed to the renovation of the ontological,methodological and scientific worldview of cognitive science through its unique interpretation of human nature.However,in the course of the development of cognitive science and psychology,psychology has failed to employ its disciplinary endeavors to renew the ontology,methodology and values of the philosophical foundations of cognitive science,and has also failed to contribute to the promotion of cognitive science.On the contrary,cognitive science’s mechanistic worldview and positivist methodology are the sole determinants of the background of cognitive science that shapes psychology’s model of development—that is,cognitive psychology(if one sees cognitive psychology as a concrete manifestation of the interaction of cognitive science and psychology).This study examines cognitive psychology’s ontological,methodological and value presuppositions and scientific worldview and reflects on the blind and passive nature of the discipline’s development.Moreover,from a history of science perspective,it considers how the development of this discipline can contribute to the renewal of scientific concepts in the philosophy of science through the interaction of the mature natural sciences and philosophy and thence provide possibilities for handling the relationship between psychology and philosophy in psychology’s future development.展开更多
China has experienced rapid economic growth since its reform and opening up 40 years ago.The prime mover and key driver of these amazing achievements originated in China’s transformation from a planned economy to a s...China has experienced rapid economic growth since its reform and opening up 40 years ago.The prime mover and key driver of these amazing achievements originated in China’s transformation from a planned economy to a socialist market economy,and from a closed economy to an open economy.The optimal allocation of the various factors of production and the interaction of economic growth and structural upgrading also played a significant part.China’s economic growth over the 40 years has applied,and proven effective,the general principles of development economics,and more importantly,based on the realities of China,it has contributed to theoretical innovation and institutional innovation,leading China along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Entering the new era,China is committed to building a modern economic system and promoting high-quality development under the guidance of the new development concepts of innovation,coordination,green development,opening up and sharing.展开更多
Humanity's constant advance toward civilization necessitates arduous and unremitting efforts.For the sake of their own freedom,security and happiness,human beings have always shown enough wisdom and courage to abs...Humanity's constant advance toward civilization necessitates arduous and unremitting efforts.For the sake of their own freedom,security and happiness,human beings have always shown enough wisdom and courage to absorb all positive elements and create and perfect new cognitive tools when confronted by the historic development opportunities presented by nature,humanity itself and the social individual.For example,the paradigm transformation found in the constant innovation of the scientific revolution,the continuous creation of intellectual achievements,and the unending evolution of legal institutions,are the true forces driving civilization,improving living conditions and dictating the basic trends of evolution.At the same time,confronted with the constantly changing and renewed threats in the history of human evolution,the instinct of seeking benefit and avoiding harm has impelled people to tap their potential and thus achieve the goal of circumventing or eliminating threats through the transformation of existing institutional apparatus.Political and legal systems,for example,are man-made tools frequently used to filter threats.As a means of survival and governance for human society,law-based governance manifests a high level of civilization and is acknowledged as the best option for human selfmanagement.Accompanying every paradigm shift in the history of the scientific revolution is the joint emergence of blessings and curses:the invention of cars has revolutionized transport convenience,but at the same time car accidents may cost people their health or even their lives;the rapid progress of automobile technology has therefore been accompanied by traffic laws and regulations instituted to address such problems.展开更多
Since the reform and opening up,tremendous changes have taken place in China.The initial objective of building a xiaokang or moderately prosperous society developed into a national development plan,which adopted a pha...Since the reform and opening up,tremendous changes have taken place in China.The initial objective of building a xiaokang or moderately prosperous society developed into a national development plan,which adopted a phased approach:first,“building a xiaokang society in an all-round way,” followed by “completing the building of a xiaokang society in all respects.” The efforts have paid off:The Chinese nation has stood up,become prosperous and grown in strength,creating two miracles—rapid economic growth and long-term social stability.After achieving the first centennial goal of building a xiaokang society in all respects,China has embarked on a new journey toward the second goal of building a great modern socialist country.A new two-step development strategy has been drawn up,laying a solid theoretical and practical foundation for the realization of the second centennial goal.展开更多
In response to the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, Immanuel Kant put forward a transcendental philosophy which distinguished between the appearance and the thing-initself(das Ding an sich), in the belief th...In response to the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, Immanuel Kant put forward a transcendental philosophy which distinguished between the appearance and the thing-initself(das Ding an sich), in the belief that people can only know appearances, but not thingsin-themselves. The fact that contemporary philosophy has gone far beyond transcendental philosophy can be seen clearly in the following respects: the response to the Scientific Revolution;the dualistic theory of qualities;the two concepts of the thing-in-itself;and how to know the thing-in-itself. In order to deepen the discussion of the thing-in-itself, it is necessary to introduce probing new questions and attempt to elucidate a switching theory of reality that distinguishes between the meaning-impoverished thing-in-itself and the meaningrich thing-in-itself, and advocates placing the focus of philosophical thinking on the latter.Basing ourselves on the switching theory of reality and the total perspective concept that it implies allows us to better understand man's place in the universe and the mission of philosophy in the post-metaphysical era.展开更多
Thirty years ago,the world’s socialist camp began to disintegrate,the landmark event being the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991.Notwithstanding,China,the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,Vietnam,...Thirty years ago,the world’s socialist camp began to disintegrate,the landmark event being the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991.Notwithstanding,China,the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,Vietnam,and Cuba adhered to the socialist road and carried out distinctive socialist reforms in accordance with their own national conditions.展开更多
The year 2021 marks the 30th anniversary of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Russia’s transition from a planned to a market economy.It is also the 25th anniversary of the announcement of a strategic partnershi...The year 2021 marks the 30th anniversary of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Russia’s transition from a planned to a market economy.It is also the 25th anniversary of the announcement of a strategic partnership of cooperation between China and Russia and the 20th anniversary of the signing of the China-Russia Treaty of Good Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation.Therefore,2021 is especially important both in terms of the development of contemporary Russia and the evolution of China-Russia relations.As the transitional economy of a great power,the Russian economy has distinctive characteristics;analysis of its economic transition and development over the past thirty years since the collapse of the Soviet Union,and especially in the period since Putin took office,is of immediate significance for observing the development of the Russian economy.At present,the profound changes the world is undergoing and alterations in the external environment present increasing uncertainties and obstacles to China-Russia economic and trade cooperation.This paper introduces the present state of China-Russia economic and trade cooperation and analyzes the new challenges and opportunities for future bilateral cooperation.展开更多
Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was on...Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was only after confirming the diplomatic position of other Commonwealth countries that Burma made a move,however,becoming the first non-Communist country to recognize the PRC.Not long after,relations between the two countries began to cool,partly because of geopolitical factors but mostly due to the fact that China’s revolutionary diplomacy was incommensurate with Burma’s pro-British,pro-American tendencies.After the Korean War broke out,Burma rapidly enshrined“neutralism”as the guiding principle of its diplomacy,while China began to establish ties with countries in the“Intermediate Zone.”In 1953,the two countries had the opportunity to repair their relations because of strains in the Burma-US relationship due to remnant Kuomintang forces,rising Chinese demand for Burmese rubber,and a drastic decline in the international market for Burmese rice.展开更多
文摘The 22nd International Congress of Historical Sciences,to which Chinese President Xi Jinping wrote a congratulatory letter,took place in 2015.This congratulatory letter has since been a subject of discussion among Chinese and foreign historians because it involves several fundamental issues in historical sciences.This paper presents Finnish historian Marjatta Hietala’s interview with Wang Yuji.The interview centers on four major propositions of President Xi:“Historical research forms the basis of all social sciences”;“History is our best teacher”;“Observing China’s past is an important angle for observing China today”;and“Historians can and should play an active role in building a community of shared future for mankind.”The in-depth discussion reveals the convergence and divergence of historians’opinions both at home and abroad on some fundamental issues of historical sciences.
基金support for this study by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72174203,No.41971367).
文摘Recent years have seen increasing academic interest in exploring the correlation between temperature and crime.However,it is uncertain whether similar long-term trends or seasonality(rather than causal effect)of temper-ature and crime is the major reason for the observed correlation between them.To explore whether there is still a correlation between temperature and crime when long-term trends and seasonal cycles are filtered out,we use the Kalman filter to decompose the time series of temperature and crimes,and then the fast Fourier transform is used to calculate the exact circle of their seasonality separately.Based on that,the box-plot method and linear regression are used to explore the correlation between temperature residuals and crime residuals.The results show that more than half of the crime types have similar seasonal cycles(approximately 1 year)to that of temperature.Moreover,the daily residual analyses show that temperature residuals have a positive correlation with assault and robbery residuals in all cities,whose average slopes are more than 0.1.The other four types of crimes vary greatly from case to case.The temperature residuals show a weak correlation with the residuals of some crime types.
文摘Internet use has become an indispensable part of people’s daily lives,and the relationship between Internet use and residents’subjective well-being is receiving increasing attention from researchers.However,the existing literature on the relationship between Internet use and residents’subjective well-being is still controversial and inconclusive,and there has been relatively little discussion of the mechanisms by which Internet use affects well-being.On the basis of data from the China General Social Survey 2015(CGSS2015),this paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of Internet usage on residents’subjective wellbeing.The study finds that while Internet use had no significant impact on the well-being of residents compared to non-use,frequency of Internet usage did significantly improve subjective well-being.On this basis,we tested the mechanisms by which Internet use affects residents’well-being through the three channels of the personal income effect,the human capital effect and the social capital effect.The findings partially verify the hypothesis of the mediating effect of social capital between Internet use and residents’subjective wellbeing,but do not verify the hypothesis of the moderating effect of personal income and human capital.Compared with previous studies,this paper is innovative in the following three ways:it uses the latest available representative national microdata,which is better able to reflect recent Internet usage and its impact on residents’subjective well-being;on the basis of existing research on the impact of Internet usage on residents’well-being,it analyzes the specific mechanisms through which Internet use affects well-being,using the moderating effect model and the mediating effect model to make up for the shortcomings of existing research on the impact mechanism;and it applies the Bioprobit model to deal with the potential endogeneity of key explanatory variables,using a variety of model estimation methods to obtain more robust estimation results.
基金supported by a grant from the fourth set of the Elite Youth Talent Subprogram of the National Ten Thousand Talents Program
文摘Since the rise of the Internet in China,China’s local governments have actively used Internet technology to facilitate public administration and public services.What impact,then,have different types of social media had on local governance?This paper,based on years of investigation of J Town and L Sub-district in Shanghai(2012-2018),finds that Internet technology has profoundly transformed the grassroots power structure.Before the rise of the Internet,the grassroots power structure included local government,activists and the masses;in the age of Weibo and home owners forums,grassroots opinion leaders rose,becoming an impressive social force that local government could not afford to ignore;in the age of WeChat,however,the influence of grassroots opinion leaders declined,as local government can interact directly with the masses through WeChat public accounts and WeChat group chats,with the network technology becoming a tool for micromanagement.These three stages correspond to three types of government characterized by limited mobilization,consultation,and user-friendliness,respectively.
文摘Personal data rights in the era of big data involve coordination of the protection of civil rights and interests of natural persons on the one hand and the freedom of data companies’data activities on the other.Personal data can be the object of civil rights and as such should be regulated and protected through the system of private rights.The right of natural persons to personal data is aimed at protecting their self-determination interests in relation to those data and thus preventing the infringement of existing personal and property rights due to the illegal collection and use of personal data.Unlike real right,the right of natural persons to personal data is not an absolute right that can be positively employed;it is protected by tort law only if its infringement leads to the infringement of other civil rights.Data companies’right to personal data derives from their factual actions in legally collecting,storing and paying for these data.The data rights of data companies are a new type of property right.Their protection cannot be left solely to anti-unfair competition law;rather,they should receive systematic protection as absolute rights.
文摘Paternity leave,a social policy first implemented in China some twenty years ago,has a direct bearing on fatherhood.It marks a preliminary attempt to promote the transition from fathers’lack of involvement to engagement founded on cultural recognition and economic and political redistribution.The intergenerational continuity of the absent father,the reproduction of this absence through the extended family,the limited fatherhood created by employers through a consensus about human feelings,and the way local governments are taking the lead in paternity leave,ahead of the central government,jointly build the mainstream model of the absent father.Fathers should indeed provide day-to-day care for their children,but only as helpers;this means that short-term paternity leave is an appropriate way for new fathers to take on their responsibilities.This notion,however,not only fails to meet the new needs,responsibilities and rights of some fathers who wish to actively care for and bond with their children,but also further consolidates the gender division of labor(in which men are innately breadwinners and women homemakers),a division that is inextricably linked with people’s interests,ethics and emotions in contemporary China.The low fertility in today’s world calls for a significant change in the gender division of labor.Actively embracing a caring role is not only a work right and an emotional right for fathers,but also heralds emerging civil rights and marks a new development in social emotions.In this sense,the transition to care-giving fathers should not be that difficult.
基金supported by the the Major Project of the Humanities and Social Sciences Key Research Base of the Ministry of Education,"Research on Rural Social Reconstruction and Governance Innovation"(16JJD840015)
文摘Reciprocity has core significance for understanding basic human living conditions:our social nature is founded on reciprocal relations,and reciprocity strengthens the ties between people.Reciprocity-based anthropology is a kind of cultural logic,one that stresses the interaction between different groups.Fundamentally,it involves studying forms of the mutually beneficial relations involved in complementary differences.This perspective reconciles differences,creating a communicative space for diverse cultures’coexistence,symbiosis and sharing.The various channels formed through human activity include ways in and ways out,constant incomings and outgoings,the coexistence of different cultures,ways of life and ideas,and complementarity.The launching of the Belt and Road Initiative includes channels with multiple characteristics and functions,so research on this topic involves the analysis of society and culture based on roadways rather than locations.
文摘The gender-based patriarchy of the Huaxia people,consisting of family and state order,inner/outer distinction and gender-based hierarchy,took shape in the period of radical transformation when the Zhou dynasty replaced the Shang dynasty and reached maturity in the Han dynasty,which had been established in the wake of the radical transformation conducted by the Zhou and Qin dynasties.On the basis of the principles of male/female distinction and the integration of family and state,Western Zhou aristocrats abolished the state structure the inner and outer governance systems(nei/waifuzhi内外服制),carried on in part the main patrilineage and surname exogamy of the Shang dynasty,and established the Huaxia patriarchal system.During the Qin and Han dynasties,the patriarchal system evolved into family and state isomorphism characterized by power-sharing between the royal house and its officials and by a two-pronged kinship system in which the male line was inner and the female line was outer.The system thus evolved into the Huaxia gender-based patriarchy,which covered spatial spheres,division of responsibilities,the kinship system,values and ethics,and codes of daily interaction and conduct.The distinction between the inner and the outer was not only a core value of the gender-based patriarchy but also its operational strategy.It also engendered such inter-related sub-systems as human functions,ethics and gender and such philosophical systems as the unity of heaven and man and the cosmic binaries of yin-yang(阴阳)and qian-kun(乾坤).The constancy(经jing)/Expedience(权quan)and Continuity(因yin)/Change(变bian)of the gender-based patriarchy,the jing/quan at the heart of the basic system and governance strategy within its constraints jointly ensured the stability and dynamism of the gender-based patriarchy of the Huaxia people.
文摘Over the past forty years since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978,China has passed through three developmental stages:recovery,stability and flourishing growth.This development has revolved around the axis of“politics-rule by law-rule of law-rule of law system-rule of law path-rule of law China.”By virtue of discussion of the core themes of jurisprudence and basic categories,jurisprudence has mounted ever higher.On the basis of summing up existing experience,the development and progress of Chinese jurisprudence in the new era should firmly uphold a disciplinary orientation,an indigenous orientation,a mass orientation and an orientation toward practice and modernization.We must seek new logical starting points,constantly pioneer and innovate,and contribute new wisdom and programs to the comprehensive governance of the country according to law.
文摘According to Marxism,fairness or equity is concrete,evolving,and practice-based,and has as its ultimate aim the realization of the full and free development of man.Xi Jinping Thought on Fairness and Justice underscores governing the country according to law,improving work styles,innovating the social governance model,and making social welfare and people＇s full and free development the point of departure and ultimate goal,in a fresh development of the Marxist approach to equity in the contemporary era.Guided by this approach,Chinese higher education institutions should break free of the traditional regimen,shifting the governance structure from bureaucratic management to shared governance and from the traditional rule of man to the rule of law.Through institutional measures and observance of the basic laws of higher education development,we can build a new type of collaborative relationship among governments,institutions of higher learning,academics and students,and society as a whole.In this way,all participants will find their proper place and realize their full potential,thus activating and enhancing the innovative capacity of higher education.Only thus will higher education institutions be able to modernize their governance systems and capacity.
基金a phased result of "The Influence Mechanism and Promotion Strategy of Childhood Left-behind Experience on the Social Adaptation of New-Generation Rural Migrant Workers" supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (19BRK037)。
文摘Below-replacement fertility has spread from developed industrialized countries to some developing countries, including China. Based on the theory of the transformation of intimacy, this study utilizes the data from the Xi'an Special Survey on Child Rearing Costs and Fertility Intentions to explore the impact of spousal relationships on the fertility intentions of young urban couples and gender differences in this regard in terms of power relations, distribution of responsibility, and emotional connection. The study reveals that 1) an inverse J-shaped relationship(initially showing a decline followed by a rise) exists between family power equalization and fertility intentions, especially for women;2) the greater the husband's share of housework, the less he will desire fertility, but a wife's level of satisfaction with her husband's housework sharing increases her fertility motivation;and 3) frequent spousal interactions and emotional intimacy contribute to increased fertility intentions, especially on the part of women. From the perspective of the transformation of intimacy, the above results suggest that the impact of spousal relationships on young couples' fertility intentions is increasingly strong and that continued promotion of gender equality in the family sphere is of great significance to reversing low total fertility rates.
基金a phased achievement of the key project“Building a Primary-Level Social Governance Community from the Perspective of Spatial Reconstruction”supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(20AGL031)。
文摘Common prosperity in rural areas is integral to achieving common prosperity.This paper makes an in-depth analysis of Jiangsu and Zhejiang rural demonstration projects from a state-society interaction perspective.Pathway analysis is based on the framework of“high-level promotion-endogenous development”linked by the advancement of the building of the Communist Party of China and the Party’s leading role:high-level promotion,through multi-level responsibilization,ensures policy implementation,while endogenous development,driven by endogenous breakthroughs and economies of scale brought about by industrial integration,generates explosive dynamics through common interest bonding.By linking high-level promotion with endogenous development,the advancement of Party building and the Party’s leading role ensure benign interaction between state and society.The combined efforts of state and society creates a“common prosperity effect,”effectively solving the thorny problem of“weak society”in the welfare system of developing countries and that of the“welfare trap”in the welfare system of welfare states.This,in a sense,enables China to embark on the road to rural common prosperity.
基金a phased result of“On the Philosophical Foundations of the Theoretical Roots and Integration of the Fragmentation of Psychology and Its Crises,”a general project funded by the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)(18BZX048)。
文摘In the historical interaction of science and philosophy,empirical science has used cumulative research to shed new light on how the science of philosophy understands fundamental scientific issues.As an effort of self-renewal,the initial impetus for the birth of cognitive science was dialogue among disciplines,with a view to making it possible to unlock the mysteries of cognition.In other words,cognitive science was to pave the way for fundamentally updating the philosophical premises of the science of mind or even making possible a new scientific worldview.As a branch of cognitive science,psychology was to have contributed to the renovation of the ontological,methodological and scientific worldview of cognitive science through its unique interpretation of human nature.However,in the course of the development of cognitive science and psychology,psychology has failed to employ its disciplinary endeavors to renew the ontology,methodology and values of the philosophical foundations of cognitive science,and has also failed to contribute to the promotion of cognitive science.On the contrary,cognitive science’s mechanistic worldview and positivist methodology are the sole determinants of the background of cognitive science that shapes psychology’s model of development—that is,cognitive psychology(if one sees cognitive psychology as a concrete manifestation of the interaction of cognitive science and psychology).This study examines cognitive psychology’s ontological,methodological and value presuppositions and scientific worldview and reflects on the blind and passive nature of the discipline’s development.Moreover,from a history of science perspective,it considers how the development of this discipline can contribute to the renewal of scientific concepts in the philosophy of science through the interaction of the mature natural sciences and philosophy and thence provide possibilities for handling the relationship between psychology and philosophy in psychology’s future development.
文摘China has experienced rapid economic growth since its reform and opening up 40 years ago.The prime mover and key driver of these amazing achievements originated in China’s transformation from a planned economy to a socialist market economy,and from a closed economy to an open economy.The optimal allocation of the various factors of production and the interaction of economic growth and structural upgrading also played a significant part.China’s economic growth over the 40 years has applied,and proven effective,the general principles of development economics,and more importantly,based on the realities of China,it has contributed to theoretical innovation and institutional innovation,leading China along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Entering the new era,China is committed to building a modern economic system and promoting high-quality development under the guidance of the new development concepts of innovation,coordination,green development,opening up and sharing.
文摘Humanity's constant advance toward civilization necessitates arduous and unremitting efforts.For the sake of their own freedom,security and happiness,human beings have always shown enough wisdom and courage to absorb all positive elements and create and perfect new cognitive tools when confronted by the historic development opportunities presented by nature,humanity itself and the social individual.For example,the paradigm transformation found in the constant innovation of the scientific revolution,the continuous creation of intellectual achievements,and the unending evolution of legal institutions,are the true forces driving civilization,improving living conditions and dictating the basic trends of evolution.At the same time,confronted with the constantly changing and renewed threats in the history of human evolution,the instinct of seeking benefit and avoiding harm has impelled people to tap their potential and thus achieve the goal of circumventing or eliminating threats through the transformation of existing institutional apparatus.Political and legal systems,for example,are man-made tools frequently used to filter threats.As a means of survival and governance for human society,law-based governance manifests a high level of civilization and is acknowledged as the best option for human selfmanagement.Accompanying every paradigm shift in the history of the scientific revolution is the joint emergence of blessings and curses:the invention of cars has revolutionized transport convenience,but at the same time car accidents may cost people their health or even their lives;the rapid progress of automobile technology has therefore been accompanied by traffic laws and regulations instituted to address such problems.
文摘Since the reform and opening up,tremendous changes have taken place in China.The initial objective of building a xiaokang or moderately prosperous society developed into a national development plan,which adopted a phased approach:first,“building a xiaokang society in an all-round way,” followed by “completing the building of a xiaokang society in all respects.” The efforts have paid off:The Chinese nation has stood up,become prosperous and grown in strength,creating two miracles—rapid economic growth and long-term social stability.After achieving the first centennial goal of building a xiaokang society in all respects,China has embarked on a new journey toward the second goal of building a great modern socialist country.A new two-step development strategy has been drawn up,laying a solid theoretical and practical foundation for the realization of the second centennial goal.
文摘In response to the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, Immanuel Kant put forward a transcendental philosophy which distinguished between the appearance and the thing-initself(das Ding an sich), in the belief that people can only know appearances, but not thingsin-themselves. The fact that contemporary philosophy has gone far beyond transcendental philosophy can be seen clearly in the following respects: the response to the Scientific Revolution;the dualistic theory of qualities;the two concepts of the thing-in-itself;and how to know the thing-in-itself. In order to deepen the discussion of the thing-in-itself, it is necessary to introduce probing new questions and attempt to elucidate a switching theory of reality that distinguishes between the meaning-impoverished thing-in-itself and the meaningrich thing-in-itself, and advocates placing the focus of philosophical thinking on the latter.Basing ourselves on the switching theory of reality and the total perspective concept that it implies allows us to better understand man's place in the universe and the mission of philosophy in the post-metaphysical era.
文摘Thirty years ago,the world’s socialist camp began to disintegrate,the landmark event being the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991.Notwithstanding,China,the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,Vietnam,and Cuba adhered to the socialist road and carried out distinctive socialist reforms in accordance with their own national conditions.
文摘The year 2021 marks the 30th anniversary of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Russia’s transition from a planned to a market economy.It is also the 25th anniversary of the announcement of a strategic partnership of cooperation between China and Russia and the 20th anniversary of the signing of the China-Russia Treaty of Good Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation.Therefore,2021 is especially important both in terms of the development of contemporary Russia and the evolution of China-Russia relations.As the transitional economy of a great power,the Russian economy has distinctive characteristics;analysis of its economic transition and development over the past thirty years since the collapse of the Soviet Union,and especially in the period since Putin took office,is of immediate significance for observing the development of the Russian economy.At present,the profound changes the world is undergoing and alterations in the external environment present increasing uncertainties and obstacles to China-Russia economic and trade cooperation.This paper introduces the present state of China-Russia economic and trade cooperation and analyzes the new challenges and opportunities for future bilateral cooperation.
基金the mid-term result of the 2017 Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program(Type C)“Burma’s Strategic Awareness of China and Sino-Burmese Relations(1949-1962)”(17PJC029)
文摘Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was only after confirming the diplomatic position of other Commonwealth countries that Burma made a move,however,becoming the first non-Communist country to recognize the PRC.Not long after,relations between the two countries began to cool,partly because of geopolitical factors but mostly due to the fact that China’s revolutionary diplomacy was incommensurate with Burma’s pro-British,pro-American tendencies.After the Korean War broke out,Burma rapidly enshrined“neutralism”as the guiding principle of its diplomacy,while China began to establish ties with countries in the“Intermediate Zone.”In 1953,the two countries had the opportunity to repair their relations because of strains in the Burma-US relationship due to remnant Kuomintang forces,rising Chinese demand for Burmese rubber,and a drastic decline in the international market for Burmese rice.
