This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different distillation methods of Mentha cordifolia Opiz. essential oil on antibacterial activity. The essential oils were isolated by water and steam, hydro, ethanol...This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different distillation methods of Mentha cordifolia Opiz. essential oil on antibacterial activity. The essential oils were isolated by water and steam, hydro, ethanol, and 3methanol： lethanol distillations. Moreover, we also compared the efficacy of these various distillations with commercial peppermint oil. Essential oils were tested in vitro against three pathogen bacteria species by sensitivity test include disc diffusion assay （DD）, minimal inhibition concentration （MIC） and maximal bactericidal concentration （MBC）. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium were used in this investigation. The results showed that the water and steam distillation and 3methanol： lethanol under tested by DD assay was found to be effective against all the pathogenic bacteria, in which the zone of inhibition exhibited E. coil S. aureus and S. typhimurium were 9.67 ± 0.35, 11.67 ± 0.66, 18.0± 1.15 and 9.00 ± 0.05, 8.3 ± 0.35, 19.0 ± 0.00 ram, respectively. While the hydro and ethanol distillations did action to against only E. coli which the inhibition zones were 8.67 ± 0.66 and 8.67 ± 0.35 mm, respectively. However, the commercial oil was more effective against tested pathogenic bacteria than all M. cordifolia essential oil. In case of MIC and MBC assays, the results showed that all essential oil distillation methods posed antibacterial potential in which the water and steam distillation showed the lowest MIC and MBC values against E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhimurium. It is suggested that among all M. cordifolia essential oil extractions, water and steam distillation was found to be highly bactericidal as it has shown in lowest MIC and MBC values and high in growth inhibition zone diameter.展开更多
The objective of this study was to observe the forage yield, silage fermentative quality, anthocyanin stability, and antioxidant activity during the storage period and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich p...The objective of this study was to observe the forage yield, silage fermentative quality, anthocyanin stability, and antioxidant activity during the storage period and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn （Zea mays L.） stover （PS） and sticky corn stover （SS）. Forage yield of corn stover was weighed and ensiled with two treatments： （1） hybrid sticky waxy corn stover （control）, and （2） hybrid purple waxy corn stover （treatment）. Samples were stored in mini-silos for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21,42, 63, 84, and 105 d. The results showed that PS had significantly higher （P〈0.05） yields of dry matter （DM）, organic matter （OM）, gross energy （GE）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, acid detergent fiber （ADF）, and total anthocyanins than that of the SS. Anthocyanin-rich purple corn stover silage （PSS） showed higher （P〈0.05） levels of DM and CP relative to the sticky corn stover silage （SSS）. Although anthocyanin-rich PSS displayed a lower （P〈0.05） level of pelargonidin-3-glucoside （P3G）, it had higher （P〈0.05） levels of peonidin （Peo） and pelargonidin （Pel） compared to the control. Delphinidin （Del） and malvidin （Mal） were not detected in SSS during the ensilage period; in PSS, Del was no longer detected after 7 d of ensilage. Specifically, total anthocyanins in anthocyanin-rich PSS decreased rapidly （P〈0.05） prior to 7 d of ensilage, and then remained at relatively stable （P〉0.05） constants. Compared to the anthocyanin-rich PSS, SSS displayed significantly higher （P〈0.05） pH value and ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） content. Propionic acid （PA） at 0 d and butyric acid （BA） during the entire study period were not detected, whereas anthocyanin-rich PSS showed a higher （P〈0.05） level of lactic acid （LA） than that of the SSS. Compared with the SSS extract, anthocyanin-rich PSS extract showed a higher （P〈0.05） level of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryihydrazyl （DPPH） scavenging activity and displayed a lower （P〈0.05） half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC50） value. Moreover, anthocyanin-rich PSS reduced （P〈0.05） gas production （GP）, and displayed lower levels of immediately soluble fraction and ratio of acetic acid （AA） to PA at 12 h, but the other parameters were unaffected （P〉0.05） relative to the control. Taken together, the results indicated that： （1） anthocyanins could be stable in silage; （2） anthocyanin-rich PSS showed better silage fermentative quality and stronger antioxidant activity; and （3） anthocyanin-rich PSS had no negative effect on rumen fermentation parameters.展开更多
The effeclt of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala （Lam.） and sodium lauryl sulfate （SLS） addition to basal diets of corn silage on nematode eggs and protozoa interaction in the rumen within Thai native x...The effeclt of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala （Lam.） and sodium lauryl sulfate （SLS） addition to basal diets of corn silage on nematode eggs and protozoa interaction in the rumen within Thai native x Anglo-Nubian male goats was studied. Goats （n = 24 male; BW = 30 ＋ 2） were randomly considered toward treatment position into randomized complete block design （RCBD）. The treatments were： 1） Basal （B; 1.0-1.2 kg/head/day, corn silage）, 2） B ＋ SLS 8 g/head/day） 3） B ＋ 40g Leucaena/head/day （1.0% condensed tannins）, and 4） B ＋ 40g Leucaena/head/day （1.0% condensed tannins） with SLS 4 g/head/day）. These studies indicate that the action of 1.0% condensed tannins by Leucaena with 8 g SLS has the effect of increasing C3 （P 〈 0.05）. The opposite effect was observed for C2 which decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Both intestinal nematode eggs and protozoa in the rumen were reduced highly significantly （P 〈 0.01）. Bacteria population was raised （P 〈 0.01）. Nevertheless, all of these treatments did not affect intake, productive performances and blood urea nitrogen.展开更多
This study was aimed to determine the effects of dried black cumin and tamarind supplementation on egg performance and lipids concentration in egg yolk of layer hens. Sixty laying hens at the age of 18-34 weeks were d...This study was aimed to determine the effects of dried black cumin and tamarind supplementation on egg performance and lipids concentration in egg yolk of layer hens. Sixty laying hens at the age of 18-34 weeks were divided into 4 treatments （control, 1% black cumin, 4% tamarind and 1% black cumin ＋ 4% tamarin in diets） with 4 replications each （15 birds/replication）. The experimental treatments were subjected to completely randomized design. Feed and drinking water were provided ad-libitum. 16 h per day for lighting program during experimental period. The results found that feed efficiency ratio, egg production and egg weight were no significant between treatments. However, average daily feed intake was highest in 4% tamarind and 1% black cumin ＋ 4% tamarin in diets. Egg yolk color score, yolk index, white index and shell tickness were no significantly different, However, haugh unit was lowest in control group. Egg yolk lipids concentration was founded that black cumin and tamarind in diet were reduced cholesterol and triacyl-glycerol concentration with statistical significance （P 〈 0.05）. So that dried black cumin and tamarind supplementation in diets were no any effect on egg production and egg weight. Furthermore, egg yolk cholesterol and triacyl-glycerol concentration were decreased. Hence, supplementation of dried black cumin and tamarind in diets could benefit to consumer health.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Palm Oil By-pass Fat （POBF） on milk composition of early lactation Holstein during dry season, 24 postpartum Holstein （1 d-14 d） were selected and align...The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Palm Oil By-pass Fat （POBF） on milk composition of early lactation Holstein during dry season, 24 postpartum Holstein （1 d-14 d） were selected and align to two groups according to CRD experimental design; each group included 12 Holstein cows. The control received by-pass fat 0 g/h.d, the experimental group received by-pass fat 300 g/h.d. The results shown, DMI and yield of milk did not be affected with supplementation of by-pass fat, however, milk protein increased by 6.71%, milk fat increased by 8.16%, lactose increased by 0.22%, SNF increased by 1.98%, TS increased 4.08%; digestibility of diet protein decreased by 6.62%, digestibility of EE decreased by 7.96%, digestibility of NDF and ADL decreased by 1.36%, 8.97% respectively, digestibility of DM and OM decreased by 4.42, 3.07 percentage units; amount of C4-C17 milk fatty acids showed a decreased tendency, that of CIs-C22 showed an increased tendency, the milk CLA increased significantly （P 〈 0.01）. To sum up, supplementation of by-pass fat for early lactation Holstein is an important measure to balance energy and sustain milk yield and quality.展开更多
This experiment was aimed to investigate some changes of ovarian structure in order to confirm the onset of puberty in Thai indigenous gilts. Fifty female animals collected from the North-Eastern area of Thailand were...This experiment was aimed to investigate some changes of ovarian structure in order to confirm the onset of puberty in Thai indigenous gilts. Fifty female animals collected from the North-Eastern area of Thailand were slaughtered in the different age groups as 0, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 6 months of age, respectively （each group = 5 pigs）, for monitoring corpus luteum （CL） occurrence on ovarian surface and some changes of reproductive structure. CL was clearly found for the first time in the 4.5 months age group （P 〈 0.05） which was defined as the first ovulation; nevertheless, group of follicles with 〉 2.0 mm in diameter appeared for the first time in the 3.5 month age group （P 〈 0.05）. For other conformations, size of uterine horns, oviducts or ovaries, including weight of ovaries or whole reproductive tracts, were significantly developed （P 〈 0.05） that was initially taken place in the 3.5 months age group onwards. Thus, it was summarized that the onset of puberty in Thai indigenous gilts, affirmed by CL appearance at the first time, should be happened between 4.0 and 4.5 months of age; however, the development of reproductive structure and follicles to prepare in approaching puberty should be started before 3.5 months of age.展开更多
Eight goats of 7-8 months old and an average body weight （BW） of 20 ± 5.0 kg were used in double 4 × 4 Latin square design. The treatments were the four levels of leucaena meal replacement for soybean meal...Eight goats of 7-8 months old and an average body weight （BW） of 20 ± 5.0 kg were used in double 4 × 4 Latin square design. The treatments were the four levels of leucaena meal replacement for soybean meal in concentrates at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of crude protein. The results showed that roughage intake （% BW and g/kgBW^0.75） increased linearly （P 〈 0.01） with increasing levels of leucaena meal while total feed intake was not significantly different among dietary treatments. Similarly, dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber digestibility and ruminal ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） were not significantly different among dietary treatments. However, crude protein digestibility, ruminal pH （6 hr after feeding）, nitrogen （N） intake, N absorption, N retention and total volatile fatty acids increased quadratically （P 〈 0.01） with the increasing levels of leucaena meals. It could be concluded that leucaena meal could replace up to 50% of soybean meal in the diet without any negative effect on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation of meat goats.展开更多
文摘This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different distillation methods of Mentha cordifolia Opiz. essential oil on antibacterial activity. The essential oils were isolated by water and steam, hydro, ethanol, and 3methanol： lethanol distillations. Moreover, we also compared the efficacy of these various distillations with commercial peppermint oil. Essential oils were tested in vitro against three pathogen bacteria species by sensitivity test include disc diffusion assay （DD）, minimal inhibition concentration （MIC） and maximal bactericidal concentration （MBC）. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium were used in this investigation. The results showed that the water and steam distillation and 3methanol： lethanol under tested by DD assay was found to be effective against all the pathogenic bacteria, in which the zone of inhibition exhibited E. coil S. aureus and S. typhimurium were 9.67 ± 0.35, 11.67 ± 0.66, 18.0± 1.15 and 9.00 ± 0.05, 8.3 ± 0.35, 19.0 ± 0.00 ram, respectively. While the hydro and ethanol distillations did action to against only E. coli which the inhibition zones were 8.67 ± 0.66 and 8.67 ± 0.35 mm, respectively. However, the commercial oil was more effective against tested pathogenic bacteria than all M. cordifolia essential oil. In case of MIC and MBC assays, the results showed that all essential oil distillation methods posed antibacterial potential in which the water and steam distillation showed the lowest MIC and MBC values against E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhimurium. It is suggested that among all M. cordifolia essential oil extractions, water and steam distillation was found to be highly bactericidal as it has shown in lowest MIC and MBC values and high in growth inhibition zone diameter.
基金SUT-OROG scholarshipthe Higher Education Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand (NRU)the Office of the Higher Education Commission (FtR 06/2559) for funding support
文摘The objective of this study was to observe the forage yield, silage fermentative quality, anthocyanin stability, and antioxidant activity during the storage period and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn （Zea mays L.） stover （PS） and sticky corn stover （SS）. Forage yield of corn stover was weighed and ensiled with two treatments： （1） hybrid sticky waxy corn stover （control）, and （2） hybrid purple waxy corn stover （treatment）. Samples were stored in mini-silos for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21,42, 63, 84, and 105 d. The results showed that PS had significantly higher （P〈0.05） yields of dry matter （DM）, organic matter （OM）, gross energy （GE）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, acid detergent fiber （ADF）, and total anthocyanins than that of the SS. Anthocyanin-rich purple corn stover silage （PSS） showed higher （P〈0.05） levels of DM and CP relative to the sticky corn stover silage （SSS）. Although anthocyanin-rich PSS displayed a lower （P〈0.05） level of pelargonidin-3-glucoside （P3G）, it had higher （P〈0.05） levels of peonidin （Peo） and pelargonidin （Pel） compared to the control. Delphinidin （Del） and malvidin （Mal） were not detected in SSS during the ensilage period; in PSS, Del was no longer detected after 7 d of ensilage. Specifically, total anthocyanins in anthocyanin-rich PSS decreased rapidly （P〈0.05） prior to 7 d of ensilage, and then remained at relatively stable （P〉0.05） constants. Compared to the anthocyanin-rich PSS, SSS displayed significantly higher （P〈0.05） pH value and ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） content. Propionic acid （PA） at 0 d and butyric acid （BA） during the entire study period were not detected, whereas anthocyanin-rich PSS showed a higher （P〈0.05） level of lactic acid （LA） than that of the SSS. Compared with the SSS extract, anthocyanin-rich PSS extract showed a higher （P〈0.05） level of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryihydrazyl （DPPH） scavenging activity and displayed a lower （P〈0.05） half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC50） value. Moreover, anthocyanin-rich PSS reduced （P〈0.05） gas production （GP）, and displayed lower levels of immediately soluble fraction and ratio of acetic acid （AA） to PA at 12 h, but the other parameters were unaffected （P〉0.05） relative to the control. Taken together, the results indicated that： （1） anthocyanins could be stable in silage; （2） anthocyanin-rich PSS showed better silage fermentative quality and stronger antioxidant activity; and （3） anthocyanin-rich PSS had no negative effect on rumen fermentation parameters.
文摘The effeclt of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala （Lam.） and sodium lauryl sulfate （SLS） addition to basal diets of corn silage on nematode eggs and protozoa interaction in the rumen within Thai native x Anglo-Nubian male goats was studied. Goats （n = 24 male; BW = 30 ＋ 2） were randomly considered toward treatment position into randomized complete block design （RCBD）. The treatments were： 1） Basal （B; 1.0-1.2 kg/head/day, corn silage）, 2） B ＋ SLS 8 g/head/day） 3） B ＋ 40g Leucaena/head/day （1.0% condensed tannins）, and 4） B ＋ 40g Leucaena/head/day （1.0% condensed tannins） with SLS 4 g/head/day）. These studies indicate that the action of 1.0% condensed tannins by Leucaena with 8 g SLS has the effect of increasing C3 （P 〈 0.05）. The opposite effect was observed for C2 which decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Both intestinal nematode eggs and protozoa in the rumen were reduced highly significantly （P 〈 0.01）. Bacteria population was raised （P 〈 0.01）. Nevertheless, all of these treatments did not affect intake, productive performances and blood urea nitrogen.
文摘This study was aimed to determine the effects of dried black cumin and tamarind supplementation on egg performance and lipids concentration in egg yolk of layer hens. Sixty laying hens at the age of 18-34 weeks were divided into 4 treatments （control, 1% black cumin, 4% tamarind and 1% black cumin ＋ 4% tamarin in diets） with 4 replications each （15 birds/replication）. The experimental treatments were subjected to completely randomized design. Feed and drinking water were provided ad-libitum. 16 h per day for lighting program during experimental period. The results found that feed efficiency ratio, egg production and egg weight were no significant between treatments. However, average daily feed intake was highest in 4% tamarind and 1% black cumin ＋ 4% tamarin in diets. Egg yolk color score, yolk index, white index and shell tickness were no significantly different, However, haugh unit was lowest in control group. Egg yolk lipids concentration was founded that black cumin and tamarind in diet were reduced cholesterol and triacyl-glycerol concentration with statistical significance （P 〈 0.05）. So that dried black cumin and tamarind supplementation in diets were no any effect on egg production and egg weight. Furthermore, egg yolk cholesterol and triacyl-glycerol concentration were decreased. Hence, supplementation of dried black cumin and tamarind in diets could benefit to consumer health.
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Palm Oil By-pass Fat （POBF） on milk composition of early lactation Holstein during dry season, 24 postpartum Holstein （1 d-14 d） were selected and align to two groups according to CRD experimental design; each group included 12 Holstein cows. The control received by-pass fat 0 g/h.d, the experimental group received by-pass fat 300 g/h.d. The results shown, DMI and yield of milk did not be affected with supplementation of by-pass fat, however, milk protein increased by 6.71%, milk fat increased by 8.16%, lactose increased by 0.22%, SNF increased by 1.98%, TS increased 4.08%; digestibility of diet protein decreased by 6.62%, digestibility of EE decreased by 7.96%, digestibility of NDF and ADL decreased by 1.36%, 8.97% respectively, digestibility of DM and OM decreased by 4.42, 3.07 percentage units; amount of C4-C17 milk fatty acids showed a decreased tendency, that of CIs-C22 showed an increased tendency, the milk CLA increased significantly （P 〈 0.01）. To sum up, supplementation of by-pass fat for early lactation Holstein is an important measure to balance energy and sustain milk yield and quality.
文摘This experiment was aimed to investigate some changes of ovarian structure in order to confirm the onset of puberty in Thai indigenous gilts. Fifty female animals collected from the North-Eastern area of Thailand were slaughtered in the different age groups as 0, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 6 months of age, respectively （each group = 5 pigs）, for monitoring corpus luteum （CL） occurrence on ovarian surface and some changes of reproductive structure. CL was clearly found for the first time in the 4.5 months age group （P 〈 0.05） which was defined as the first ovulation; nevertheless, group of follicles with 〉 2.0 mm in diameter appeared for the first time in the 3.5 month age group （P 〈 0.05）. For other conformations, size of uterine horns, oviducts or ovaries, including weight of ovaries or whole reproductive tracts, were significantly developed （P 〈 0.05） that was initially taken place in the 3.5 months age group onwards. Thus, it was summarized that the onset of puberty in Thai indigenous gilts, affirmed by CL appearance at the first time, should be happened between 4.0 and 4.5 months of age; however, the development of reproductive structure and follicles to prepare in approaching puberty should be started before 3.5 months of age.
文摘Eight goats of 7-8 months old and an average body weight （BW） of 20 ± 5.0 kg were used in double 4 × 4 Latin square design. The treatments were the four levels of leucaena meal replacement for soybean meal in concentrates at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of crude protein. The results showed that roughage intake （% BW and g/kgBW^0.75） increased linearly （P 〈 0.01） with increasing levels of leucaena meal while total feed intake was not significantly different among dietary treatments. Similarly, dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber digestibility and ruminal ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） were not significantly different among dietary treatments. However, crude protein digestibility, ruminal pH （6 hr after feeding）, nitrogen （N） intake, N absorption, N retention and total volatile fatty acids increased quadratically （P 〈 0.01） with the increasing levels of leucaena meals. It could be concluded that leucaena meal could replace up to 50% of soybean meal in the diet without any negative effect on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation of meat goats.
