Full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides are catching lots of interest as the next generation cathode for lithium-ion batteries due to their high discharge voltage,reduced voltage decay and enhanced rat...Full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides are catching lots of interest as the next generation cathode for lithium-ion batteries due to their high discharge voltage,reduced voltage decay and enhanced rate performance,whereas the high lithium residues on its surface impairs the structure stability and long-term cycle performance.Herein,a facile multifunctional surface modification method is implemented to eliminate surface lithium residues of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides by a wet chemistry reaction with tetrabutyl titanate and the post-annealing process.It realizes not only a stable Li_(2)TiO_(3)coating layer with 3D diffusion channels for fast Li^(+)ions transfer,but also dopes partial Ti^(4+)ions into the sub-surface region of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides to further strengthen its crystal structure.Consequently,the modified full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides exhibit improved structure stability,elevated thermal stability with decomposition temperature from 289.57℃to 321.72℃,and enhanced cycle performance(205.1 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles)with slowed voltage drop(1.67 mV per cycle).This work proposes a facile and integrated modification method to enhance the comprehensive performance of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides,which can facilitate its practical application for developing higher energy density lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Plant anatomy is patterned early during leaf development which suggests studying the spatial–temporal transcriptomes of primordia will help identify critical regulative and functional genes.We successfully isolated t...Plant anatomy is patterned early during leaf development which suggests studying the spatial–temporal transcriptomes of primordia will help identify critical regulative and functional genes.We successfully isolated the leaf primordia tissues from the C3grass rice and the C4grass foxtail millet by laser capture microdissection(LCM)and studied the gene expression throughout leaf developmental stages.Our data analysis uncovered the conserved expression patterns of certain gene clusters both in rice and foxtail millet during leaf development.We revealed genes and transcription factors involved in vein formation,stomatal development,and suberin accumulation.We identified 79 candidate genes associated with functional regulation of C4anatomy formation.Screening phenotype of the candidate genes revealed that knock-out of a putative polar auxin transport related gene NAL1 resulted significantly reduced veinal space in rice leaf.Our present work provides a foundation for future analyses of genes with novel functions in grasses and their role in leaf development,in particular the role in leaves with a contrasting C3vs.C4biosynthetic pathway.展开更多
Co-free Li-rich layered oxides(LLOs)are emerging as promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries due to their low cost and high capacity.However,they commonly face severe structural instability and poor electroche...Co-free Li-rich layered oxides(LLOs)are emerging as promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries due to their low cost and high capacity.However,they commonly face severe structural instability and poor electrochemical activity,leading to diminished capacity and voltage performance.Herein,we introduce a Co-free LLO,Li_(1.167)Ni_(0.222)Mn_(0.611)O_(2)(Cf-L1),which features a cooperative structure of Li/Ni mixing and stacking faults.This structure regulates the crystal and electronic structures,resulting in a higher discharge capacity of 300.6 mA h g^(-1)and enhanced rate capability compared to the typical Co-free LLO,Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)(Cf-Ls).Density functional theory(DFT)indicates that Li/Ni mixing in LLOs leads to increased Li-O-Li configurations and higher anionic redox activities,while stacking faults further optimize the electronic interactions of transition metal(TM)3d and non-bonding O 2p orbitals.Moreover,stacking faults accommodate lattice strain,improving electrochemical reversibility during charge/discharge cycles,as demonstrated by the in situ XRD of Cf-L1 showing less lattice evolution than Cf-Ls.This study offers a structured approach to developing Co-free LLOs with enhanced capacity,voltage,rate capability,and cyclability,significantly impacting the advancement of the next-generation Li-ion batteries.展开更多
Coal-fired power generation is the main source of CO_(2)emission in China.To solve the problems of declined efficiency and increased costs caused by CO_(2)capture in coal-fired power systems,an integrated gasification...Coal-fired power generation is the main source of CO_(2)emission in China.To solve the problems of declined efficiency and increased costs caused by CO_(2)capture in coal-fired power systems,an integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC)power generation technology was developed.The interaction mechanisms among coal gasification and purification,fuel cell and other components were further studied for IGFCs.Towards the direction of coal gasification and purification,we studied gasification reaction characteristics of ultrafine coal particles,ash melting characteristics and their effects on coal gasification reactions,the formation mechanism of pollutants.We further develop an elevated temperature/pressure swing adsorption rig for simultaneous H_(2)S and CO_(2)removals.The results show the validity of the Miura-Maki model to describe the gasification of Shenhua bituminous coal with a good fit between the predicted DTG curves and experimental data.The designed 8–6–1 cycle procedure can effectively remove CO_(2)and H_(2)S simultaneously with removal rate over 99.9%.In addition,transition metal oxides used as mercury removal adsorbents in coal gasified syngas were shown with great potential.The techniques presented in this paper can improve the gasification efficiency and reduce the formation of pollutants in IGFCs.展开更多
Mixed incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) in existing coal gangue power plant is a potentially highefficiency and low-cost MSW disposal way. In this paper, the co-combustion and pollutants emission characteris...Mixed incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) in existing coal gangue power plant is a potentially highefficiency and low-cost MSW disposal way. In this paper, the co-combustion and pollutants emission characteristic of MSW and coal gangue was investigated in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor. The effect of MSW blend ratio, bed temperature and excess air ratio was detailedly studied. The results show the NOX and HC1 emission increases with the increasing MSW blend ratio and the SO2 emission decreases. With the increase of bed temperature, the CO emission decreases while the NOX and SO2 emission increases. The HC1 emission is nearly stable in the temperature range of 850-950℃. The increase of excess air ratio gradually increases the NOX emission but has no significant effect on the SO2 emission. The HC1 emission firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of excess air ratio. For a typical CFB operating condition with excess air ratio of 1.4, bed temperature of 900℃ and MSW blend ratio of 10%, the original CO, NOX, SO2 and HC1 emissions are 52, 181, 3373 and 58 mg/Nm^3 respectively.展开更多
Medicago polymorpha is a nutritious and palatable forage and vegetable plant that also fixes nitrogen.Here,we reveal the chromosome-scale genome sequence of M.polymorpha using an integrated approach including Illumina...Medicago polymorpha is a nutritious and palatable forage and vegetable plant that also fixes nitrogen.Here,we reveal the chromosome-scale genome sequence of M.polymorpha using an integrated approach including Illumina,PacBio and Hi-C technologies.We combined PacBio full-length RNA-seq,metabolomic analysis,structural anatomy analysis and related physiological indexes to elucidate the important agronomic traits of M.polymorpha for forage and vegetable usage.The assembled M.polymorpha genome consisted of 457.53Mb with a long scaffold N50 of 57.72Mb,and 92.92%(441.83Mb)of the assembly was assigned to seven pseudochromosomes.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that expansion and contraction of the photosynthesis and lignin biosynthetic gene families,respectively,led to enhancement of nutritious compounds and reduced lignin biosynthesis in M.polymorpha.In addition,we found that several positively selected nitrogen metabolism-related genes were responsible for crude protein biosynthesis.Notably,the metabolomic results revealed that a large number of flavonoids,vitamins,alkaloids,and terpenoids were enriched in M.polymorpha.These results imply that the decreased lignin content but relatively high nutrient content of M.polymorpha enhance its edibility and nutritional value as a forage and vegetable.Our genomic data provide a genetic basis that will accelerate functional genomic and breeding research on M.polymorpha as well as other Medicago and legume plants.展开更多
For the magnetized fluidized bed(MFB)with the binary mixture of Geldart-B magnetizable and nonmagnetizable particles,the magnetically induced segregation between these two kinds of particles occurs at high magnetic fi...For the magnetized fluidized bed(MFB)with the binary mixture of Geldart-B magnetizable and nonmagnetizable particles,the magnetically induced segregation between these two kinds of particles occurs at high magnetic field intensities(H),leading to the deterioration of the fluidization quality.The critical intensity(H_(ms))above which such segregation commences varies with the gas velocity(U_g).This work focuses on establishing a segregation model to theoretically derive the H_(ms)–U_g relationship.In a magnetic field,the magnetizable particles form agglomerates.The magnetically induced segregation in essence refers to the size segregation of the binary mixture of agglomerates and nonmagnetizable particles.Consequently,the segregation model was established in two steps:first,the size of agglomerates(d_A)was calculated by the force balance model;then,the H_(ms)–U_g relationship was obtained by substituting the expression of d_Ainto the basic size segregation model for binary mixtures.As per the force balance model,the cohesive and collision forces were 1_2 orders of magnitude greater than the other forces exerted on the agglomerates.Therefore,the balance between these two forces largely determined d_A.The calculated d_A increased with increasing H and decreasing U_g,agreeing qualitatively with the experimental observation.The calculated H_(ms)–U_ g relationship agreed reasonably with the experimental data,indicating that the present segregation model could predict well the segregation behavior in the MFB with the binary mixture.展开更多
The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were eva...The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.展开更多
In this work, nickel metal supported on different supports(SiO_2, Al_2O_3, ZSM-5) were prepared by spraying nickel nitrate on the supports and calcined at 873 K. Then, they were characterized by XRD, XRF, N_2 adsorpt...In this work, nickel metal supported on different supports(SiO_2, Al_2O_3, ZSM-5) were prepared by spraying nickel nitrate on the supports and calcined at 873 K. Then, they were characterized by XRD, XRF, N_2 adsorption–desorption, NH_3-TPD, MCH-TPD, H_2-TPR, and pyridine-FTIR,and tested as catalysts for the dehydrogenation aromatization and isomerization of methylcyclohexane(MCH) under the conditions of S-Zorb catalytic adsorption desulfurization(T ? 673 K, P ? 1.5 MPa, WHSV ? 5 h^(-1)). The H2-TPR results showed that the interaction of NiO with support decreased in the order of NiO/ZSM-5-Fe < NiO/ZSM-5 < NiO/Al_2O_3< NiO/SiO2. The decrease of the interaction appeared to facilitate the reduction of Ni and therefore to promote the dehydrogenation aromatization of MCH.It was found that a direct correlation existed between the gasoline components yields, cracking activity and the total number of different supports acid sites measured by NH_3-TPD tests. Higher total acidity of ZSM-5 resulted in gasoline loss because of higher cracking activity of MCH. The number of total acid sites of NiO/ZSM-5-Fe decreased and the medium strong Br€onsted acid sites necessary for MCH isomerization increased after the modification of ZSM-5 by iron metal. So, NiO/ZSM-5-Fe exhibited enhanced MCH conversion, aromatic and isomerization yields when compared to NiO/ZSM-5 and other Ni-based catalysts. This study shows that NiO/ZSM-5-Fe catalyst may be possible to be integrated into the S-Zorb system achieving the recovery of the octane number of gasoline.展开更多
Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.Th...Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.These factors can significantly affect the hydrodynamic in the slurry reactors,having remarkable effects on the design,scale-up,and operation of the slurry reactors.This article reviews the influences of fluid physical properties,solid particles,and operating conditions on the hydrodynamics in slurry reactors.Firstly,the influence of fluid properties,including the density and viscosity of the individual liquid and gas phases and the interfacial tension,has been reviewed.Secondly,the solid particle properties(i.e.,concentration,density,size,wettability,and shape)on the hydrodynamics have been discussed in detail,and some vital but often ignored features,especially the influences of particle wettability and shape,as well as the variation of surface tension because of solid concentration alteration,are highlighted in this work.Thirdly,the variations of physical properties of fluids,hydrodynamics,and bubble behavior resulted from the temperature and pressure variations are also summarized,and the indirect influences of pressure on viscosity and surface tension are addressed systematically.Finally,conclusions and perspectives of these notable influences on the design and scale-up of industrial slurry reactors are presented.展开更多
Solid physical properties are vital for the design, optimization, and scale-up of gas–liquid–solid multiphase reactors. The complex and interactional effects of the solid physical properties, including particle diam...Solid physical properties are vital for the design, optimization, and scale-up of gas–liquid–solid multiphase reactors. The complex and interactional effects of the solid physical properties, including particle diameter, density, wettability, and sphericity, on the hydrodynamic behaviors in a new external airlift loop reactor(EALR) integrating mixing and separation are decoupled in this work. Two semi-empirical equations are proposed and validated to predict the overall gas holdup and liquid circulating velocity satisfactorily, and then the individual influence of such solid physical properties is further investigated. The results demonstrate that both the overall gas holdup in the riser and the liquid circulating velocity in the downcomer increase with the contact angle, but decrease with particle size, density, and sphericity.Additionally, the impact of the particle size on the liquid circulating velocity is also profoundly revealed on a micro-level considering the particle size distribution. Moreover, the axial solid concentration distribution is discussed, and the uniformity of the slurry is described by the mixing index of the solid particles. The results show that a more homogeneous mixture can be achieved by adding finer particles other than attaining violent turbulence. Therefore, this work lays a foundation for the design, scale-up, and industrialization of the EALRs.展开更多
Polymer electrolytes(PEs)have been long recognized as the key materials to enable energy-dense batteries and render flexible energy devices practically viable,owing to their chemical and mechanical reliability.However...Polymer electrolytes(PEs)have been long recognized as the key materials to enable energy-dense batteries and render flexible energy devices practically viable,owing to their chemical and mechanical reliability.However,much of their promise is yet to be realized.The roomtemperature ion conductivity of existing PEs still falls short of the implementation criterion of 10^(-4) S cm^(-1) on the promise of acceptable mechanical properties,thereby precluding their practical application.The twin but inversely related duties of polymers,that is,functioning as both an ion-conducting medium and a structural backbone,underlie this issue but are less elucidated systematically.The polyacrylate(PA)family is among promising polymer matrices on account of ester polarity,electrode compatibility,chemical tunability,and mechanical durability.The extensive applicability of PA in plasticized gels,dry solids,and emerging composites makes PA-based PEs representative to illustrate the trade-off between ion conduction and mechanical strength.We herein seek to outline the stated long-standing conflict exemplified by PA-based PEs,focusing on crucial strategies toward balancing and reconciling the two mutually exclusive properties,with the intention of offering designing guidelines for next-generation PEs.展开更多
Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.)is an important perennial,noninvasive,tall ornamental grass that adds color and texture to gardens and landscapes.Moreover,switchgrass has been considered a forage and bioenergy crop be...Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.)is an important perennial,noninvasive,tall ornamental grass that adds color and texture to gardens and landscapes.Moreover,switchgrass has been considered a forage and bioenergy crop because of its vigorous growth,low-input requirements,and broad geography.Here,we identified PvWOX3a from switchgrass,which encodes a WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor.Transgenic overexpression of PvWOX3a in switchgrass increased stem length,internode diameter,and leaf blade length and width,all of which contributed to a 95%average increase in dry weight biomass compared with control plants.Yeast one-hybrid and transient dual-luciferase assays showed that PvWOX3a can repress the expression of gibberellin 2-oxidase and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase through apparently direct interaction with their promoter sequences.These results suggested that overexpression of PvWOX3a could increase gibberellin and cytokinin levels in transgenic switchgrass plants,which promotes cell division,elongation,and vascular bundle development.We also overexpressed PvWOX3a in a transgenic miR156-overexpressing switchgrass line that characteristically exhibited more tillers,thinner internodes,and narrower leaf blades.Double transgenic switchgrass plants displayed significant increases in internode length and diameter,leaf blade width,and plant height but retained a tiller number comparable to that of plants expressing miR156 alone.Ultimately,the double transgenic switchgrass plants produced 174%more dry-weight biomass and 162%more solubilized sugars on average than control plants.These findings indicated that PvWOX3a is a viable potential genetic target for engineering improved shoot architecture and biomass yield of horticulture,fodder,and biofuel crops.展开更多
Electrolysis of ammonia in alkaline electrolyte solution was applied for the production of hydrogen. Both Pt-loaded Ni foam and Pt-Ir loaded Ni foam electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition and served as anode an...Electrolysis of ammonia in alkaline electrolyte solution was applied for the production of hydrogen. Both Pt-loaded Ni foam and Pt-Ir loaded Ni foam electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition and served as anode and cathode in ammonia electrolytic cell, respectively. The electrochemical behaviors of ammonia in KOH solution were individually investigated via cyclic voltammetry on three electrodes, i.e. bare Ni foam electrode, Pt-loaded Ni foam electrode and Pt-Ir loaded Ni foam electrode. The morphology and composition of the prepared Ni foam electrode were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). Effects of the concentration of electrolyte solution and temperature of electrolytic cell on the electrolysis reaction were examined in order to enhance the efficiency of ammonia electrolysis. The competition of ammonia electrolysis and water electrolysis in the same alkaline solution was firstly proposed to explain the changes of cell voltage with the electrolysis proceeding. At varying current densities, different cell voltages could be obtained from galvanostatic curves.The low cell voltage of 0.58 V, which is less than the practical electrolysis voltage of water(1.6 V), can be obtained at a current density of2.5 mA/cm2. Based on some experimental parameters, such as the applied current, the resulting cell voltage and output of hydrogen gas, the power consumption per gram of H2produced can be estimated.展开更多
Tin(Sn)holds great promise as an anode material for next-generation lithium(Li)ion batteries but suffers from massive volume change and poor cycling performance.To clarify the dynamic chemical and microstructural evol...Tin(Sn)holds great promise as an anode material for next-generation lithium(Li)ion batteries but suffers from massive volume change and poor cycling performance.To clarify the dynamic chemical and microstructural evolution of Sn anode during lithiation and delithiation,synchrotron X-ray energydispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography are simultaneously employed during Li/Sn cell operation.The intermediate Li-Sn alloy phases during de/lithiation are identified,and their dynamic phase transformation is unraveled which is further correlated with the volume variation of the Sn at particle-and electrode-level.Moreover,we find that the Sn particle expansion/shrinkage induced particle displacement is anisotropic:the displacement perpendicular to the electrode surface(z-axis)is more pronounced compared to the directions(x-and y-axis)along the electrode surface.This anisotropic particle displacement leads to an anisotropic volume variation at the electrode level and eventually generates a net electrode expansion towards the separator after cycling,which could be one of the root causes of mechanical detachment and delamination of electrodes during long-term operation.The unraveled chemical evolution of Li-Sn and deep insights into the microstructural evolution of Sn anode provided here could guide future design and engineering of Sn and other alloy anodes for high energy density Li-and Na-ion batteries.展开更多
A new developed external loop airlift slurry reactor, which was integrated with gas–liquid–solid three-phase mixing, mass transfer, and liquid–solid separation simultaneously, was deemed to be a promising slurry re...A new developed external loop airlift slurry reactor, which was integrated with gas–liquid–solid three-phase mixing, mass transfer, and liquid–solid separation simultaneously, was deemed to be a promising slurry reactor due to its prominent advantages such as achieving continuous separation of clear liquid from slurry and cyclic utilization of solid particles without any extra energy, energy-saving, and intrinsic safety design. The principal operating parameters, including gas separator volume, handling capacity, and superficial gas velocity, are systematically investigated here to promote the capabilities of mixing, mass transfer, and yield in the pilot external loop airlift slurry reactor. The influences of top clearance and throughput of the clear liquid on flow regime and gas holdup in the riser, liquid circulating velocity, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient with a typical high solid holdup and free of particles are examined experimentally. It was found that increasing the gas separator volume could promote the liquid circulating velocity by about 14.0% at most. Increasing the handling capacity of the clear liquid from 0.9 m3·h-1 to 3.0 m3·h-1 not only could increase the output without any adverse consequences, but also could enhance the liquid circulating velocity as much as 97.3%. Typical operating conditions investigated here can provide some necessary data and guidelines for this new external loop airlift slurry reactor to upgrade its performances.展开更多
The easy acidification and high hydrogen sulfide （H2S） production during anaerobic digestion of macroalgae limited its application in biomethane production. In order to investigate the effects of ceramsite on methan...The easy acidification and high hydrogen sulfide （H2S） production during anaerobic digestion of macroalgae limited its application in biomethane production. In order to investigate the effects of ceramsite on methane and HzS productions during anaerobic digestion of macroalgae, batch experiments ofMacrocystis pyrifera were carried out. Four groups named C0, C1, C2 and C3 added with 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g/g substrate of ceramsite, respectively, were studied and compared. The highest cumulative methane yield of 286.3 mL/g substrate is obtained in C2, which is 40.11% higher than that of CO. The cumulative HzS yields of C1, C2 and C3 are 32.67%, 44.66% and 53.21% lower than that of CO, respectively. Results indicate that ceramsite addition permits higher methane yields, shorter lag-phase time and lower HzS yields during anaerobic digestion of Macrocystispyrifera.展开更多
The uncontrollable Li electrostripping and plating process that results in dendritic Li growth and huge volume change of Li anode limits the practicality of Li metal batteries(LMBs).To simultaneously address these iss...The uncontrollable Li electrostripping and plating process that results in dendritic Li growth and huge volume change of Li anode limits the practicality of Li metal batteries(LMBs).To simultaneously address these issues,designing three-dimensional(3D),lithiophilic and mechanically robust electrodes seems to be one of the cost-effective strategies.Herein,a new 3D Li-B-C-Al alloy anode is designed and fabricated.The prepared 3D alloy anode exhibits not only superior lithiophilicity that facilitates uniform Li nucleation and growth but also sufficient mechanical stability that maintains its structural integrity.Superior performance of the prepared 3D alloy is demonstrated through comprehensive electrochemical tests.In addition,non-destructive and 3D synchrotron X-ray computed tomography(SX-CT)technique is employed to investigate the underlying working mechanisms of the prepared alloy anode.A unique twofold Li electrostripping and plating mechanism under different electrochemical cycling conditions is revealed.Lastly,improved performance of the full cells built with the 3D alloy anode and LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)cathode corroborate its potential application capability.Overall,the current work not only showcases the superiority of the 3D alloy as potential anode material for LMBs but also provides fundamental insights into its underlying working mechanisms that may further propel its research and development.展开更多
The coordination polymer [Ni（dpa）（bpp）]n（H2dpa = 2,4＇-biphenyl-dicarboxylic acid,bpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane） was hydrothermally prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,FTIR spectra,...The coordination polymer [Ni（dpa）（bpp）]n（H2dpa = 2,4＇-biphenyl-dicarboxylic acid,bpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane） was hydrothermally prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,FTIR spectra,elemental analysis and thermal analysis.The crystal is of triclinic system,space group P1 with a = 12.516（5）,b = 12.943（5）,c = 15.130（5） ,α = 94.331（5）,β = 91.827（5）,γ = 108.382（5）°,C54H44N4Ni2O8,Mr = 497.18,V = 2315.3（15） 3,Dc = 1.426 g/cm3,F（000） = 1032,μ = 0.875 cm-1,Z = 2,the final R = 0.0496 and wR = 0.1100 for 5365 reflections with Ⅰ 〉 2σ（Ⅰ）.X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the carboxylate group of 2,4＇-diphenic acids acting as bridging ligands adopts two coordination modes：bis-mondentate and bidentate chelating.The compound exhibits a two-dimensional（6,3）-connected architecture.展开更多
In this study,multivariate analysis methods,including a principal component analysis(PCA)and partial least square(PLS)analysis,were applied to reveal the inner relationship of the key variables in the process of H_(2)...In this study,multivariate analysis methods,including a principal component analysis(PCA)and partial least square(PLS)analysis,were applied to reveal the inner relationship of the key variables in the process of H_(2)O_(2)-assisted Na_(2)CO_(3)(HSC)pretreatment of corn stover.A total of 120 pretreatment experiments were implemented at the lab scale under different conditions by varying the particle size of the corn stover and process variables.The results showed that the Na_(2)CO_(3) dosage and pretreatment temperature had a strong influence on lignin removal,whereas pulp refining instrument(PFI)refining and Na_(2)CO_(3) dosage played positive roles in the final total sugar yield.Furthermore,it was found that pretreatment conditions had a more significant impact on the amelioration of pretreatment effectiveness compared with the properties of raw corn stover.In addition,a prediction of the effectiveness of the corn stover HSC pretreatment based on a PLS analysis was conducted for the first time,and the test results of the predictability based on additional pretreatment experiments proved that the developed PLS model achieved a good predictive performance(particularly for the final total sugar yield),indicating that the developed PLS model can be used to predict the effectiveness of HSC pretreatment.Therefore,multivariate analysis can be potentially used to monitor and control the pretreatment process in future large-scale biorefinery applications.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QB166,ZR2020KE032)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA22010600)+3 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2021210)the Foundation of Qingdao Postdoctoral Application Program(Y63302190F)the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao Institute ofBioenergy and Bioprocess Technology(QIBEBT SZ202101)support from the Max Planck-POSTECH-Hsinchu Center for Complex Phase Materials
文摘Full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides are catching lots of interest as the next generation cathode for lithium-ion batteries due to their high discharge voltage,reduced voltage decay and enhanced rate performance,whereas the high lithium residues on its surface impairs the structure stability and long-term cycle performance.Herein,a facile multifunctional surface modification method is implemented to eliminate surface lithium residues of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides by a wet chemistry reaction with tetrabutyl titanate and the post-annealing process.It realizes not only a stable Li_(2)TiO_(3)coating layer with 3D diffusion channels for fast Li^(+)ions transfer,but also dopes partial Ti^(4+)ions into the sub-surface region of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides to further strengthen its crystal structure.Consequently,the modified full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides exhibit improved structure stability,elevated thermal stability with decomposition temperature from 289.57℃to 321.72℃,and enhanced cycle performance(205.1 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles)with slowed voltage drop(1.67 mV per cycle).This work proposes a facile and integrated modification method to enhance the comprehensive performance of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides,which can facilitate its practical application for developing higher energy density lithium-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(NKRDP)(2022YFF1001700)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(2020YFE0202300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871313)。
文摘Plant anatomy is patterned early during leaf development which suggests studying the spatial–temporal transcriptomes of primordia will help identify critical regulative and functional genes.We successfully isolated the leaf primordia tissues from the C3grass rice and the C4grass foxtail millet by laser capture microdissection(LCM)and studied the gene expression throughout leaf developmental stages.Our data analysis uncovered the conserved expression patterns of certain gene clusters both in rice and foxtail millet during leaf development.We revealed genes and transcription factors involved in vein formation,stomatal development,and suberin accumulation.We identified 79 candidate genes associated with functional regulation of C4anatomy formation.Screening phenotype of the candidate genes revealed that knock-out of a putative polar auxin transport related gene NAL1 resulted significantly reduced veinal space in rice leaf.Our present work provides a foundation for future analyses of genes with novel functions in grasses and their role in leaf development,in particular the role in leaves with a contrasting C3vs.C4biosynthetic pathway.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52202046,51602246,and 51801144)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Provincial(2021JQ-034)。
文摘Co-free Li-rich layered oxides(LLOs)are emerging as promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries due to their low cost and high capacity.However,they commonly face severe structural instability and poor electrochemical activity,leading to diminished capacity and voltage performance.Herein,we introduce a Co-free LLO,Li_(1.167)Ni_(0.222)Mn_(0.611)O_(2)(Cf-L1),which features a cooperative structure of Li/Ni mixing and stacking faults.This structure regulates the crystal and electronic structures,resulting in a higher discharge capacity of 300.6 mA h g^(-1)and enhanced rate capability compared to the typical Co-free LLO,Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)(Cf-Ls).Density functional theory(DFT)indicates that Li/Ni mixing in LLOs leads to increased Li-O-Li configurations and higher anionic redox activities,while stacking faults further optimize the electronic interactions of transition metal(TM)3d and non-bonding O 2p orbitals.Moreover,stacking faults accommodate lattice strain,improving electrochemical reversibility during charge/discharge cycles,as demonstrated by the in situ XRD of Cf-L1 showing less lattice evolution than Cf-Ls.This study offers a structured approach to developing Co-free LLOs with enhanced capacity,voltage,rate capability,and cyclability,significantly impacting the advancement of the next-generation Li-ion batteries.
基金This work was financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB0601900).
文摘Coal-fired power generation is the main source of CO_(2)emission in China.To solve the problems of declined efficiency and increased costs caused by CO_(2)capture in coal-fired power systems,an integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC)power generation technology was developed.The interaction mechanisms among coal gasification and purification,fuel cell and other components were further studied for IGFCs.Towards the direction of coal gasification and purification,we studied gasification reaction characteristics of ultrafine coal particles,ash melting characteristics and their effects on coal gasification reactions,the formation mechanism of pollutants.We further develop an elevated temperature/pressure swing adsorption rig for simultaneous H_(2)S and CO_(2)removals.The results show the validity of the Miura-Maki model to describe the gasification of Shenhua bituminous coal with a good fit between the predicted DTG curves and experimental data.The designed 8–6–1 cycle procedure can effectively remove CO_(2)and H_(2)S simultaneously with removal rate over 99.9%.In addition,transition metal oxides used as mercury removal adsorbents in coal gasified syngas were shown with great potential.The techniques presented in this paper can improve the gasification efficiency and reduce the formation of pollutants in IGFCs.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.U1610254)Shanxi Province Coal-based key Technology Research and Development Program (Grant No.MD2014-03).
文摘Mixed incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) in existing coal gangue power plant is a potentially highefficiency and low-cost MSW disposal way. In this paper, the co-combustion and pollutants emission characteristic of MSW and coal gangue was investigated in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor. The effect of MSW blend ratio, bed temperature and excess air ratio was detailedly studied. The results show the NOX and HC1 emission increases with the increasing MSW blend ratio and the SO2 emission decreases. With the increase of bed temperature, the CO emission decreases while the NOX and SO2 emission increases. The HC1 emission is nearly stable in the temperature range of 850-950℃. The increase of excess air ratio gradually increases the NOX emission but has no significant effect on the SO2 emission. The HC1 emission firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of excess air ratio. For a typical CFB operating condition with excess air ratio of 1.4, bed temperature of 900℃ and MSW blend ratio of 10%, the original CO, NOX, SO2 and HC1 emissions are 52, 181, 3373 and 58 mg/Nm^3 respectively.
基金the Graduate Student Innovation Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX20_2992).
文摘Medicago polymorpha is a nutritious and palatable forage and vegetable plant that also fixes nitrogen.Here,we reveal the chromosome-scale genome sequence of M.polymorpha using an integrated approach including Illumina,PacBio and Hi-C technologies.We combined PacBio full-length RNA-seq,metabolomic analysis,structural anatomy analysis and related physiological indexes to elucidate the important agronomic traits of M.polymorpha for forage and vegetable usage.The assembled M.polymorpha genome consisted of 457.53Mb with a long scaffold N50 of 57.72Mb,and 92.92%(441.83Mb)of the assembly was assigned to seven pseudochromosomes.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that expansion and contraction of the photosynthesis and lignin biosynthetic gene families,respectively,led to enhancement of nutritious compounds and reduced lignin biosynthesis in M.polymorpha.In addition,we found that several positively selected nitrogen metabolism-related genes were responsible for crude protein biosynthesis.Notably,the metabolomic results revealed that a large number of flavonoids,vitamins,alkaloids,and terpenoids were enriched in M.polymorpha.These results imply that the decreased lignin content but relatively high nutrient content of M.polymorpha enhance its edibility and nutritional value as a forage and vegetable.Our genomic data provide a genetic basis that will accelerate functional genomic and breeding research on M.polymorpha as well as other Medicago and legume plants.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21325628)the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91334108)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(YZ201641)
文摘For the magnetized fluidized bed(MFB)with the binary mixture of Geldart-B magnetizable and nonmagnetizable particles,the magnetically induced segregation between these two kinds of particles occurs at high magnetic field intensities(H),leading to the deterioration of the fluidization quality.The critical intensity(H_(ms))above which such segregation commences varies with the gas velocity(U_g).This work focuses on establishing a segregation model to theoretically derive the H_(ms)–U_g relationship.In a magnetic field,the magnetizable particles form agglomerates.The magnetically induced segregation in essence refers to the size segregation of the binary mixture of agglomerates and nonmagnetizable particles.Consequently,the segregation model was established in two steps:first,the size of agglomerates(d_A)was calculated by the force balance model;then,the H_(ms)–U_g relationship was obtained by substituting the expression of d_Ainto the basic size segregation model for binary mixtures.As per the force balance model,the cohesive and collision forces were 1_2 orders of magnitude greater than the other forces exerted on the agglomerates.Therefore,the balance between these two forces largely determined d_A.The calculated d_A increased with increasing H and decreasing U_g,agreeing qualitatively with the experimental observation.The calculated H_(ms)–U_ g relationship agreed reasonably with the experimental data,indicating that the present segregation model could predict well the segregation behavior in the MFB with the binary mixture.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50639070-4 and 30671666)the National Major Program on Pollution Control and Management of Water Body (No.2008ZX07104-003-03)
文摘The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21433001,21406251 and 21403265)Science and Technology Development Projects of SINOPEC,China(No.113138,112008 and 110099)The Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tsqn20161052)
文摘In this work, nickel metal supported on different supports(SiO_2, Al_2O_3, ZSM-5) were prepared by spraying nickel nitrate on the supports and calcined at 873 K. Then, they were characterized by XRD, XRF, N_2 adsorption–desorption, NH_3-TPD, MCH-TPD, H_2-TPR, and pyridine-FTIR,and tested as catalysts for the dehydrogenation aromatization and isomerization of methylcyclohexane(MCH) under the conditions of S-Zorb catalytic adsorption desulfurization(T ? 673 K, P ? 1.5 MPa, WHSV ? 5 h^(-1)). The H2-TPR results showed that the interaction of NiO with support decreased in the order of NiO/ZSM-5-Fe < NiO/ZSM-5 < NiO/Al_2O_3< NiO/SiO2. The decrease of the interaction appeared to facilitate the reduction of Ni and therefore to promote the dehydrogenation aromatization of MCH.It was found that a direct correlation existed between the gasoline components yields, cracking activity and the total number of different supports acid sites measured by NH_3-TPD tests. Higher total acidity of ZSM-5 resulted in gasoline loss because of higher cracking activity of MCH. The number of total acid sites of NiO/ZSM-5-Fe decreased and the medium strong Br€onsted acid sites necessary for MCH isomerization increased after the modification of ZSM-5 by iron metal. So, NiO/ZSM-5-Fe exhibited enhanced MCH conversion, aromatic and isomerization yields when compared to NiO/ZSM-5 and other Ni-based catalysts. This study shows that NiO/ZSM-5-Fe catalyst may be possible to be integrated into the S-Zorb system achieving the recovery of the octane number of gasoline.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2187831821808234)+5 种基金the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201902)“Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration”,Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(XDA21060400)Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology(QIBEBT)and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(DNL)of CAS(QIBEBT ZZBS201803QIBEBT I201907)Director Innovation Fund of Synthetic Biology Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province(sdsynbio-2020-ZH02)Project of CNPC-DICP Joint Research Center。
文摘Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.These factors can significantly affect the hydrodynamic in the slurry reactors,having remarkable effects on the design,scale-up,and operation of the slurry reactors.This article reviews the influences of fluid physical properties,solid particles,and operating conditions on the hydrodynamics in slurry reactors.Firstly,the influence of fluid properties,including the density and viscosity of the individual liquid and gas phases and the interfacial tension,has been reviewed.Secondly,the solid particle properties(i.e.,concentration,density,size,wettability,and shape)on the hydrodynamics have been discussed in detail,and some vital but often ignored features,especially the influences of particle wettability and shape,as well as the variation of surface tension because of solid concentration alteration,are highlighted in this work.Thirdly,the variations of physical properties of fluids,hydrodynamics,and bubble behavior resulted from the temperature and pressure variations are also summarized,and the indirect influences of pressure on viscosity and surface tension are addressed systematically.Finally,conclusions and perspectives of these notable influences on the design and scale-up of industrial slurry reactors are presented.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21878318, 22108285)the DNL Cooperation Fund, CAS (DNL201902)+2 种基金“Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration”, Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (XDA21060400)Shandong Energy Institute, Single-Cell Center Project (SCZ-16, SCZ17)Director Innovation Fund of Synthetic Biology Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province (sdsynbio-2020-ZH-02)。
文摘Solid physical properties are vital for the design, optimization, and scale-up of gas–liquid–solid multiphase reactors. The complex and interactional effects of the solid physical properties, including particle diameter, density, wettability, and sphericity, on the hydrodynamic behaviors in a new external airlift loop reactor(EALR) integrating mixing and separation are decoupled in this work. Two semi-empirical equations are proposed and validated to predict the overall gas holdup and liquid circulating velocity satisfactorily, and then the individual influence of such solid physical properties is further investigated. The results demonstrate that both the overall gas holdup in the riser and the liquid circulating velocity in the downcomer increase with the contact angle, but decrease with particle size, density, and sphericity.Additionally, the impact of the particle size on the liquid circulating velocity is also profoundly revealed on a micro-level considering the particle size distribution. Moreover, the axial solid concentration distribution is discussed, and the uniformity of the slurry is described by the mixing index of the solid particles. The results show that a more homogeneous mixture can be achieved by adding finer particles other than attaining violent turbulence. Therefore, this work lays a foundation for the design, scale-up, and industrialization of the EALRs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21975271,22139001Shandong Energy Institute,Grant/Award Number:SEI I202127+3 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS,Grant/Award Number:2019214Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong,Grant/Award Number:2020CXGC010401Major basic research projects of Shandong Natural Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:ZR2020ZD07Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant/Award Number:XDA22010600。
文摘Polymer electrolytes(PEs)have been long recognized as the key materials to enable energy-dense batteries and render flexible energy devices practically viable,owing to their chemical and mechanical reliability.However,much of their promise is yet to be realized.The roomtemperature ion conductivity of existing PEs still falls short of the implementation criterion of 10^(-4) S cm^(-1) on the promise of acceptable mechanical properties,thereby precluding their practical application.The twin but inversely related duties of polymers,that is,functioning as both an ion-conducting medium and a structural backbone,underlie this issue but are less elucidated systematically.The polyacrylate(PA)family is among promising polymer matrices on account of ester polarity,electrode compatibility,chemical tunability,and mechanical durability.The extensive applicability of PA in plasticized gels,dry solids,and emerging composites makes PA-based PEs representative to illustrate the trade-off between ion conduction and mechanical strength.We herein seek to outline the stated long-standing conflict exemplified by PA-based PEs,focusing on crucial strategies toward balancing and reconciling the two mutually exclusive properties,with the intention of offering designing guidelines for next-generation PEs.
基金This work was supported by the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province(No.2019LZGC010)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31672479,31872879,31801429,and 31701496)+2 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2019213)QIBEBT and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(DNL)CAS(Grant:QIBEBT I201921 QIBEBT I201930).
文摘Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.)is an important perennial,noninvasive,tall ornamental grass that adds color and texture to gardens and landscapes.Moreover,switchgrass has been considered a forage and bioenergy crop because of its vigorous growth,low-input requirements,and broad geography.Here,we identified PvWOX3a from switchgrass,which encodes a WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor.Transgenic overexpression of PvWOX3a in switchgrass increased stem length,internode diameter,and leaf blade length and width,all of which contributed to a 95%average increase in dry weight biomass compared with control plants.Yeast one-hybrid and transient dual-luciferase assays showed that PvWOX3a can repress the expression of gibberellin 2-oxidase and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase through apparently direct interaction with their promoter sequences.These results suggested that overexpression of PvWOX3a could increase gibberellin and cytokinin levels in transgenic switchgrass plants,which promotes cell division,elongation,and vascular bundle development.We also overexpressed PvWOX3a in a transgenic miR156-overexpressing switchgrass line that characteristically exhibited more tillers,thinner internodes,and narrower leaf blades.Double transgenic switchgrass plants displayed significant increases in internode length and diameter,leaf blade width,and plant height but retained a tiller number comparable to that of plants expressing miR156 alone.Ultimately,the double transgenic switchgrass plants produced 174%more dry-weight biomass and 162%more solubilized sugars on average than control plants.These findings indicated that PvWOX3a is a viable potential genetic target for engineering improved shoot architecture and biomass yield of horticulture,fodder,and biofuel crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21103215)the Applied Basic Research Projects of Qingdao City(No.11-2-4-8-3-jch)
文摘Electrolysis of ammonia in alkaline electrolyte solution was applied for the production of hydrogen. Both Pt-loaded Ni foam and Pt-Ir loaded Ni foam electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition and served as anode and cathode in ammonia electrolytic cell, respectively. The electrochemical behaviors of ammonia in KOH solution were individually investigated via cyclic voltammetry on three electrodes, i.e. bare Ni foam electrode, Pt-loaded Ni foam electrode and Pt-Ir loaded Ni foam electrode. The morphology and composition of the prepared Ni foam electrode were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). Effects of the concentration of electrolyte solution and temperature of electrolytic cell on the electrolysis reaction were examined in order to enhance the efficiency of ammonia electrolysis. The competition of ammonia electrolysis and water electrolysis in the same alkaline solution was firstly proposed to explain the changes of cell voltage with the electrolysis proceeding. At varying current densities, different cell voltages could be obtained from galvanostatic curves.The low cell voltage of 0.58 V, which is less than the practical electrolysis voltage of water(1.6 V), can be obtained at a current density of2.5 mA/cm2. Based on some experimental parameters, such as the applied current, the resulting cell voltage and output of hydrogen gas, the power consumption per gram of H2produced can be estimated.
基金sponsored by the Helmholtz Association,the China Scholarship Council(CSC)partially funded by the German Research Foundation,DFG(Project No.MA 5039/4-1)。
文摘Tin(Sn)holds great promise as an anode material for next-generation lithium(Li)ion batteries but suffers from massive volume change and poor cycling performance.To clarify the dynamic chemical and microstructural evolution of Sn anode during lithiation and delithiation,synchrotron X-ray energydispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography are simultaneously employed during Li/Sn cell operation.The intermediate Li-Sn alloy phases during de/lithiation are identified,and their dynamic phase transformation is unraveled which is further correlated with the volume variation of the Sn at particle-and electrode-level.Moreover,we find that the Sn particle expansion/shrinkage induced particle displacement is anisotropic:the displacement perpendicular to the electrode surface(z-axis)is more pronounced compared to the directions(x-and y-axis)along the electrode surface.This anisotropic particle displacement leads to an anisotropic volume variation at the electrode level and eventually generates a net electrode expansion towards the separator after cycling,which could be one of the root causes of mechanical detachment and delamination of electrodes during long-term operation.The unraveled chemical evolution of Li-Sn and deep insights into the microstructural evolution of Sn anode provided here could guide future design and engineering of Sn and other alloy anodes for high energy density Li-and Na-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21808234,21878318)the DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201902)+3 种基金“Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration”, Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS(XDA21060400)QIBEBT and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy of the CAS(QIBEBT ZZBS201803,QIBEBT I201907)CAS Key Technology Talent ProgramProject of CNPC-DICP Joint Research Center。
文摘A new developed external loop airlift slurry reactor, which was integrated with gas–liquid–solid three-phase mixing, mass transfer, and liquid–solid separation simultaneously, was deemed to be a promising slurry reactor due to its prominent advantages such as achieving continuous separation of clear liquid from slurry and cyclic utilization of solid particles without any extra energy, energy-saving, and intrinsic safety design. The principal operating parameters, including gas separator volume, handling capacity, and superficial gas velocity, are systematically investigated here to promote the capabilities of mixing, mass transfer, and yield in the pilot external loop airlift slurry reactor. The influences of top clearance and throughput of the clear liquid on flow regime and gas holdup in the riser, liquid circulating velocity, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient with a typical high solid holdup and free of particles are examined experimentally. It was found that increasing the gas separator volume could promote the liquid circulating velocity by about 14.0% at most. Increasing the handling capacity of the clear liquid from 0.9 m3·h-1 to 3.0 m3·h-1 not only could increase the output without any adverse consequences, but also could enhance the liquid circulating velocity as much as 97.3%. Typical operating conditions investigated here can provide some necessary data and guidelines for this new external loop airlift slurry reactor to upgrade its performances.
基金Project(2014BAC31B01)supported by the National Science&Technology Support during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period,ChinaProjects(2015GSF117016,2015GSF115037)supported by the Key Research&Development Project of Shandong Province,China
文摘The easy acidification and high hydrogen sulfide （H2S） production during anaerobic digestion of macroalgae limited its application in biomethane production. In order to investigate the effects of ceramsite on methane and HzS productions during anaerobic digestion of macroalgae, batch experiments ofMacrocystis pyrifera were carried out. Four groups named C0, C1, C2 and C3 added with 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g/g substrate of ceramsite, respectively, were studied and compared. The highest cumulative methane yield of 286.3 mL/g substrate is obtained in C2, which is 40.11% higher than that of CO. The cumulative HzS yields of C1, C2 and C3 are 32.67%, 44.66% and 53.21% lower than that of CO, respectively. Results indicate that ceramsite addition permits higher methane yields, shorter lag-phase time and lower HzS yields during anaerobic digestion of Macrocystispyrifera.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1904216).
文摘The uncontrollable Li electrostripping and plating process that results in dendritic Li growth and huge volume change of Li anode limits the practicality of Li metal batteries(LMBs).To simultaneously address these issues,designing three-dimensional(3D),lithiophilic and mechanically robust electrodes seems to be one of the cost-effective strategies.Herein,a new 3D Li-B-C-Al alloy anode is designed and fabricated.The prepared 3D alloy anode exhibits not only superior lithiophilicity that facilitates uniform Li nucleation and growth but also sufficient mechanical stability that maintains its structural integrity.Superior performance of the prepared 3D alloy is demonstrated through comprehensive electrochemical tests.In addition,non-destructive and 3D synchrotron X-ray computed tomography(SX-CT)technique is employed to investigate the underlying working mechanisms of the prepared alloy anode.A unique twofold Li electrostripping and plating mechanism under different electrochemical cycling conditions is revealed.Lastly,improved performance of the full cells built with the 3D alloy anode and LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)cathode corroborate its potential application capability.Overall,the current work not only showcases the superiority of the 3D alloy as potential anode material for LMBs but also provides fundamental insights into its underlying working mechanisms that may further propel its research and development.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20971018)the project of Huangshan University (2008xkjq019)
文摘The coordination polymer [Ni（dpa）（bpp）]n（H2dpa = 2,4＇-biphenyl-dicarboxylic acid,bpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane） was hydrothermally prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,FTIR spectra,elemental analysis and thermal analysis.The crystal is of triclinic system,space group P1 with a = 12.516（5）,b = 12.943（5）,c = 15.130（5） ,α = 94.331（5）,β = 91.827（5）,γ = 108.382（5）°,C54H44N4Ni2O8,Mr = 497.18,V = 2315.3（15） 3,Dc = 1.426 g/cm3,F（000） = 1032,μ = 0.875 cm-1,Z = 2,the final R = 0.0496 and wR = 0.1100 for 5365 reflections with Ⅰ 〉 2σ（Ⅰ）.X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the carboxylate group of 2,4＇-diphenic acids acting as bridging ligands adopts two coordination modes：bis-mondentate and bidentate chelating.The compound exhibits a two-dimensional（6,3）-connected architecture.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31870568)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(China)(No.ZR2019JQ10)+1 种基金the Major Program of the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2018ZB0208)the"Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA21060201).
文摘In this study,multivariate analysis methods,including a principal component analysis(PCA)and partial least square(PLS)analysis,were applied to reveal the inner relationship of the key variables in the process of H_(2)O_(2)-assisted Na_(2)CO_(3)(HSC)pretreatment of corn stover.A total of 120 pretreatment experiments were implemented at the lab scale under different conditions by varying the particle size of the corn stover and process variables.The results showed that the Na_(2)CO_(3) dosage and pretreatment temperature had a strong influence on lignin removal,whereas pulp refining instrument(PFI)refining and Na_(2)CO_(3) dosage played positive roles in the final total sugar yield.Furthermore,it was found that pretreatment conditions had a more significant impact on the amelioration of pretreatment effectiveness compared with the properties of raw corn stover.In addition,a prediction of the effectiveness of the corn stover HSC pretreatment based on a PLS analysis was conducted for the first time,and the test results of the predictability based on additional pretreatment experiments proved that the developed PLS model achieved a good predictive performance(particularly for the final total sugar yield),indicating that the developed PLS model can be used to predict the effectiveness of HSC pretreatment.Therefore,multivariate analysis can be potentially used to monitor and control the pretreatment process in future large-scale biorefinery applications.
