Plasma spark sources are widely used in high-resolution seismic exploration.However,research on the excitation mechanism and propagation characteristics of plasma spark sources is very limited.In this study,we elabora...Plasma spark sources are widely used in high-resolution seismic exploration.However,research on the excitation mechanism and propagation characteristics of plasma spark sources is very limited.In this study,we elaborated on the excitation process of corona discharge plasma spark source based on indoor experimental data.The electrode spacing has a direct impact on the movement of bubbles.As the spacing between bubbles decreases,they collapsed and fused,thereby suppressing the secondary pulse process.Based on the premise of linear arrangement and equal energy synchronous excitation,the motion equation of multiple bubbles under these conditions was derived,and a calculation method for the near-field wavelet model of plasma spark source was established.We simulated the source signals received in different directions and constructed a spatial wavelet face spectrum.Compared with traditional far-field wavelets,the spatial wavelet facial feature representation method provides a more comprehensive display of the variation characteristics and propagation properties of source wavelets in three-dimensional space.The spatial wavelet variation process of the plasma spark source was analyzed,and the source depth and the virtual reflection path are the main factors affecting the wavelet.The high-frequency properties of plasma electric spark source wavelets lead to their sensitivity to factors such as wave fluctuations,position changes,and environmental noise.Minor changes in collection parameters may result in significant changes in the recorded waveform and final data resolution.So,the facial feature method provides more effective technical support for wavelet evaluation.展开更多
The South Yellow Sea Basin is a large sedimentary basin superimposed by the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine sedimentary basin and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin, where no oil and gas fields have been di...The South Yellow Sea Basin is a large sedimentary basin superimposed by the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine sedimentary basin and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin, where no oil and gas fields have been discovered after exploration for 58 years. After the failure of oil and gas exploration in terrestrial basins, the exploration target of the South Yellow Sea Basin turned to the marine Mesozoic- Paleozoic strata. After more than ten years' investigation and research, a lot of achievements have been obtained. The latest exploration obtained effective seismic reflection data of deep marine facies by the application of seismic exploration technology characterized by high coverage, abundant low-frequency components and strong energy source for the deep South Yellow Sea Basin. In addition, some wells drilled the Middle-Upper Paleozoic strata, with obvious oil and gas shows discovered in some horizons. The recent petroleum geological research on the South Yellow Sea Basin shows that the structure zoning of the marine residual basin has been redetermined, the basin structure has been defined, and 3 seismic reflection marker layers are traceable and correlatable in the residual thick Middle-Paleozoic strata below the continental Meso-Cenozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin. Based on these, the seismic sequence of the marine sedimentary strata was established. According to the avaliable oil and gas exploration and research, the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas prospects of the South Yellow Sea were predicted as follows.(1) The South Yellow Sea Basin has the same sedimentary formation and evolution history during the sedimentary period of the Middle-Paleozoic marine basin with the Sichuan Basin.(2) There are 3 regional high-quality source rocks.(3) The carbonate and clastic reservoirs are developed in the Mesozoic- Paleozoic strata.(4) The three source-reservoir-cap assemblages are relatively intact.(5) The Laoshan Uplift is a prospect area for the Lower Paleozoic oil and gas, and the Wunansha Uplift is one for the marine Upper Paleozoic oil and gas.(6) The Gaoshi stable zone in the Laoshan Uplift is a favorable zone.(7) The marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin has the geological conditions required to form large oil and gas fields, with remarkable oil and gas resources prospect. An urgent problem to be addressed now within the South Yellow Sea Basin is to drill parametric wells for the Lower Paleozoic strata as the target, to establish the complete stratigraphic sequence since the Paleozoic period, to obtain resource evaluation parameters, and to realize the strategic discovery and achieve breakthrough in oil and gas exploration understanding.展开更多
Air gun arrays are often used in marine energy exploration and marine geological surveys.The study of the single bubble dynamics and multibubbles produced by air guns interacting with each other is helpful in understa...Air gun arrays are often used in marine energy exploration and marine geological surveys.The study of the single bubble dynamics and multibubbles produced by air guns interacting with each other is helpful in understanding pressure signals.We used the van der Waals air gun model to simulate the wavelets of a sleeve gun of various offsets and arrival angles.Several factors were taken into account,such as heat transfer,the thermodynamically open quasi-static system,the vertical rise of the bubble,and air gun post throttling.Marine vertical cables are located on the seafloor,but hydrophones are located in seawater and are far away from the air gun array vertically.This situation conforms to the acquisition conditions of the air gun far-field wavelet and thus avoids the problems of ship noise,ocean surges,and coupling.High-quality 3D wavelet data of air gun arrays were collected during a vertical cable test in the South China Sea in 2017.We proposed an evaluation method of multidimensional facial features,including zeropeak amplitude,peak-peak amplitude,bubble period,primary-to-bubble ratio,frequency spectrum,instantaneous amplitude,instantaneous phase,and instantaneous frequency,to characterize the 3D air gun wave field.The match between the facial features in the field and simulated data provides confidence for the use of the van der Waals air gun model to predict air gun wavelet and facial features to evaluate air gun array.展开更多
Given the advances in satellite altimetry and multibeam bathymetry,benthic terrain classification based on digital bathymetric models(DBMs)has been widely used for the mapping of benthic topographies.For instance,coba...Given the advances in satellite altimetry and multibeam bathymetry,benthic terrain classification based on digital bathymetric models(DBMs)has been widely used for the mapping of benthic topographies.For instance,cobaltrich crusts(CRCs)are important mineral resources found on seamounts and guyots in the western Pacific Ocean.Thick,plate-like CRCs are known to form on the summit and slopes of seamounts at the 1000–3000 m depth,while the relationship between seamount topography and spatial distribution of CRCs remains unclear.The benthic terrain classification of seamounts can solve this problem,thereby,facilitating the rapid exploration of seamount CRCs.Our study used an EM122 multibeam echosounder to retrieve high-resolution bathymetry data in the CRCs contract license area of China,i.e.,the Jiaxie Guyots in 2015 and 2016.Based on the DBM construted by bathymetirc data,broad-and fine-scale bathymetric position indices were utilized for quantitative classification of the terrain units of the Jiaxie Guyots on multiple scales.The classification revealed four first-order terrain units(e.g.,flat,crest,slope,and depression)and eleven second-order terrain units(e.g.,local crests,depressions on crests,gentle slopes,crests on slopes,and local depressions,etc.).Furthermore,the classification of the terrain and geological analysis indicated that the Weijia Guyot has a large flat summit,with local crests at the southern summit,whereas most of the guyot flanks were covered by gentle slopes.“Radial”mountain ridges have developed on the eastern side,while large-scale gravitational landslides have developed on the western and southern flanks.Additionally,landslide masses can be observed at the bottom of these slopes.The coverage of local crests on the seamount is∼1000 km^(2),and the local crests on the peak and flanks of the guyots may be the areas where thick and continuous plate-like CRCs are likely to occur.展开更多
Submarine landslides have been observed in the Baiyun Depression of the South China Sea. The occurrence of hydrates below these landslides indicates that these slope instabilities may be closely related to the massive...Submarine landslides have been observed in the Baiyun Depression of the South China Sea. The occurrence of hydrates below these landslides indicates that these slope instabilities may be closely related to the massive release of methane. In this study, we used a simple Monte-Carlo model to determine the first-order deformation pattern of a gravitationally destabilizing slope. The results show that a stress concentration occurs due to hydrate dissociation on the nearby glide surface and on top of a gas chimney structure. Upon the dissolution of the gas hydrate, slope failure occurs due to the excess pore pressure generated by the dissociation of the gas hydrates. When gas hydrates dissociate at shallow depths, the excess pore pressure generated can be greater than the total stress acting at those points, along with the forces that resist sliding. Initially, the failure occurs at the toe of the slope, then extends to the interior. Although our investigation focused only on the contribution of hydrate decomposition to submarine landslide, this process is also affected by both the slope material properties and topography.展开更多
Multi-beam bathymetry and seismic sequence surveys in the northern slope of the South China Sea reveal detailed geomorphology and seismic stratigraphy characteristics of canyons, gullies, and mass movements. Modern ca...Multi-beam bathymetry and seismic sequence surveys in the northern slope of the South China Sea reveal detailed geomorphology and seismic stratigraphy characteristics of canyons, gullies, and mass movements. Modern canyons and gullies are roughly elongated NNW–SSW with U-shaped cross sections at water depths of 400–1000 m. Mass movements include slide complexes, slide scars, and debris/turbidity flows. Slide complexes and slide scars are oriented in the NE–SW direction and cover an area of about 1790 and 926 km^2, respectively. The debris/turbidity flows developed along the lower slope. A detailed facies analysis suggests that four seismic facies exist, and the late Cenozoic stratigraphy above the acoustic basement can be roughly subdivided into three sequences separated by regional unconformities in the study area. The occurrence of gas hydrates is marked by seismic velocity anomalies, bottom-simulating reflectors, gas chimneys, and pockmarks in the study area. Seismic observations suggest that modern canyons and mass movements formed around the transition between the last glacial period and the current interglacial period. The possible existence and dissociation of gas hydrates and the regional tectonic setting may trigger instability and mass movements on the seafloor. Canyons may be the final result of gas hydrate dissociation. Our study aims to contribute new information that is applicable to engineering construction required for deep-water petroleum exploration and gas hydrate surveys along any marginal sea.展开更多
Recently,methane seepage related to the dissociation of natural gas hydrates has attracted much attention,which has a significant impact on the study of the global carbon and nitrogen cycles.Based on the detailed geoc...Recently,methane seepage related to the dissociation of natural gas hydrates has attracted much attention,which has a significant impact on the study of the global carbon and nitrogen cycles.Based on the detailed geochemical analyses of sediments(core Q6)from the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea,three methane seepage activities were identified and the exact horizons of anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM)were defined.Furthermore,organic carbon isotopic(δ^(13)C_(TOC))levels ranged from−23.6‰–−20.6‰PDB;nitrogen isotopes(δ^(15)N_(TN))of the same sedimentary samples ranged from 1.8‰–5.3‰.We also found obvious simultaneous negative excursions of organic carbon isotopes(δ^(13)C_(TOC))and nitrogen isotopes(δ^(15)N_(TN))in the horizons of methane seepages.Compared with the normal sediments,their maximum negative excursions were 2.6‰and 2.5‰,respectively.We discuss in detail the various characteristics ofδ^(15)N_(TN) andδ^(13)C_(TOC) levels in sediments and their coupling responses to methane seepage activities.We believe that the methane seepage events changed the evolution trajectory ofδ^(15)N_(TN) andδ^(13)C_(TOC) levels in sediment records,which resulted in the simultaneous negative excursions.This phenomenon is of great significance to reveal the historical dissociation of natural gas hydrates and their influence on the deep-sea carbon and nitrogen pool.展开更多
A launch and recovery system for a seafloor drill was studied using a dynamic model that considered the influences of seawater resistance and the elastic deformation of the cable based on the lumped mass method.The in...A launch and recovery system for a seafloor drill was studied using a dynamic model that considered the influences of seawater resistance and the elastic deformation of the cable based on the lumped mass method.The influence of wave direction angle on heave,roll,and pitch motions of the ship was analyzed,and those motion characteristics were then used to assess the tension response of the armored umbilical cable at the lifting point under different wave direction angles.By analyzing the different wave direction angles we found that,when a ship experiences longitudinal waves it will express longitudinal movement.When a ship encounters transverse waves,it will have transverse movement.Under oblique waves from bow or stern,a ship will have both longitudinal and transverse movement,exhibiting obvious heave and pitch movements.Oblique waves,in this study,produced the most obvious impact on armored umbilical cable tension.However,the tension of the armored umbilical cable will change based on the weight of the armored umbilical cable and the seafloor drill in the water.This analysis has provided a useful reference for the study of heave compensation and the constant tension automatic control.展开更多
Although the Indo-Australian plate near the Ninetyeast Ridge is important for understanding the formation of new plate boundaries, its tectonic problems are complex and most of them are poorly known. This paper made a...Although the Indo-Australian plate near the Ninetyeast Ridge is important for understanding the formation of new plate boundaries, its tectonic problems are complex and most of them are poorly known. This paper made a detailed tectonic analysis based on the data of bathymetry, gravity and magnetics. Bathymetry and gravity maps show morphological features of many folds, which are related to the intraplate deformation of the Indo-Australian plate due to the collision between the Indian and Asian plates. Gravity anomalies show the structure of fracture zones, which are caused by the seafloor spreading and transform faulting. The characteristics of the folds and fracture zones are consistent with the hypothesis that diffuse plate boundaries and redefined plate components would occur within the Indo-Australian plate. In addition, compiled magnetic data demonstrate magnetic lineations, abandoned spreading centers, southward ridge jumps and plate motions. These features provide useful information for rebuilding the tectonic evolution history of the study area. Magnetic anomalies suggest that an additional plate boundary of transform fault type is developing.展开更多
Pyrite is one of the common authigenic minerals in marine sediments.Previous studies have shown that the morphological and isotopic characteristics of pyrite are closely related to the geochemical environment where it...Pyrite is one of the common authigenic minerals in marine sediments.Previous studies have shown that the morphological and isotopic characteristics of pyrite are closely related to the geochemical environment where it is formed.To better understand the for-mation mechanism of authigenic pyrite,we analyzed the isotopic composition,morphology,and distribution of pyrite in the sediment at 500m below the seafloor from Xisha Trough,South China Sea.Mineral morphologies were observed by scanning electron micros-copy and Raman spectrography.X-Ray computed tomography was applied to measure the particle size of pyrite.The size of pyrite crystals in the matrix sediment mainly ranged between 25 and 65µm(av.ca.40µm),although crystals were larger(av.ca.50μm)in the veins.The pyrites had a fine-grained truncated octahedral shape with occasionally well-developed growth steps,which implies the low growth rate and weak anaerobic oxidation of methane-sulfate reduction when pyrite was formed.Theδ^(34)S values of pyrites ranged from+20.8‰Vienna-defined Canyon Diablo Troilite(V-CDT)to+33.2‰V-CDT and from+44.8‰V-CDT to+48.9‰,which suggest two growth stages.In the first stage,with the continuous low methane flux,the pyrite possibly formed in an environment with good access to seawater.In the second stage,the pyrites mainly developed in sediment fractures and appeared in veins,probably due to the limited availability of sulfate.The less exposure of pyrite to the environment in the second stage was probably caused by sediment accumulation or perturbation.In this study,an episodic pyritization process was identified,and the paleoenvironment was reconstructed for the sediment investigated.展开更多
Compared to towed streamers, ocean-bottom seismometers(OBS) obtain both S-wave data and richer wavefield information. In this paper, the induced polarization method is used to conduct wavefield separation on OBS data ...Compared to towed streamers, ocean-bottom seismometers(OBS) obtain both S-wave data and richer wavefield information. In this paper, the induced polarization method is used to conduct wavefield separation on OBS data obtained from the Shenhu area in the South China Sea. A comparison of the changes in P-and S-waves, and a comprehensive analysis of geological factors within the area, enable analysis and description of the occurrence of natural gas hydrate in the study area. Results show an increase in P-wave velocity when natural gas hydrate exists in the formation, whereas the S-wave velocity remains almost constant, as S-waves can only propagate through the rock skeleton. Therefore, the bottom-simulating reflection(BSR) response of the P-wave is better than that of the S-wave in the frequency analysis profile. In a wide-angle section, the refractive wave of the hydrate layer is evident when using P-wave components but identification is difficult with S-wave components. This velocity model illustrates the sensitivity of Pand S-wave components to gas hydrate. The use of this polarization method and results of analysis provide technical and theoretical support for research on hydrate deposits and other geological features in the Shenhu area.展开更多
In recent years,a series of highly saturated leakage-type gas hydrates have been discovered in the western Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB),South China Sea.Based on the molecular compositional and isotopic characteristics of ...In recent years,a series of highly saturated leakage-type gas hydrates have been discovered in the western Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB),South China Sea.Based on the molecular compositional and isotopic characteristics of the gas samples relevant to the gas hydrates collected from the two leakage-type gas hydrate accumulations in the GMGS5 and GMGS6 drilling zones,a detailed geochemical gas-to-gas correlation was conducted in this study,in order to further understand the geochemical characteristics and possible hydrocarbon sources of these gas hydrates.The natural gas relevant to the gas hydrates in the GMGS5 block is characterized by wet gas(67.96%<%C_(1)<98.58%,C_(1)/C_(1+)<0.9)and significant molecular and carbon isotope fractionation within the depth profile,whereas the gas samples from the GMGS6 block exhibit the characteristics of dry gas(99.25%<%C_(1)<99.81%,C_(1)/C_(1+)>0.9)and lack molecular and carbon isotope fractionation.Approximately 40%‒60%of the methane within the gas hydrate is of microbial origin,while the C^(2+)gas components are typical coal-type gas that are derived from thermogenic source rocks or deeply-buried natural gas fields.In addition,typical in situ primary microbial methane(−80.6‰<δ^(13)C-C_(1)<−67.7‰)was discovered in well W b,which was applied to estimate the contribution of the microbial gas to the gas hydrates.The gas-to-gas correlation results show that the hydrate gases within the two leakage-type gas hydrate accumulations in the GMGS5 and GMGS6 blocks are geochemically different,suggesting that they may have been derived from different source kitchens.Our results further indicate that the deeply-buried thermogenic gas significantly contributed to the shallowly-buried gas hydrates in the western QDNB and multiple effective thermogenic source kitchens provided the hydrocarbon gas in the gas hydrate accumulations.展开更多
Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic re?ection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or sy...Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic re?ection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome re?ections, slope progradational re?ections, chaotic re?ections and discontinuous strong re?ections inside the reef, which onlap the ?ank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness.The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily in?uenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a "hidden" inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.展开更多
The Beikang Basin is located in the southern part of the South China Sea(SCS),which is one of most tectonically complex sea areas.It is a deepwater sedimentary basin that was mainly deposited during the Cenozoic era.O...The Beikang Basin is located in the southern part of the South China Sea(SCS),which is one of most tectonically complex sea areas.It is a deepwater sedimentary basin that was mainly deposited during the Cenozoic era.Owing to data restrictions,the research on carbonate platforms of this area is still in its infancy.High-resolution seismic data are analyzed to identify the Miocene carbonate platforms and reconstruct the architecture and growth history.The carbonate platforms of Beikang Basin began to develop in the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene,were extended in the Middle Miocene,and declined in the Late Miocene.The carbonate platform mainly developed during two periods:the Oligocene to the Early Miocene,and the Middle Miocene.The carbonate platforms that developed in the Middle Miocene were the most prosperous.The Middle Miocene carbonate platform in the Beikang Basin can be divided into three stages.In the first stage,the platforms had wide range which were thin.During the second stage,the platforms had a smaller range that was controlled by faults.In the third stage,the platforms were gradually submerged.The platform structure developed in the Middle Miocene at the Beikang Basin was controlled by the rate of rising/falling of the sea level and the carbonate growth rate.Based on an analysis of these changes and relationship,the platform can be divided into several patterns:retrogradation,submerged,aggradation,progradation,outward with up-stepping,outward with down-stepping,and down-stepping platforms.At the top of the carbonate platforms in the Beikang Basin a set of carbonate wings or mushrooms usually appeared.These were formed during a period of relative sea-level decline.It is believed that the Miocene carbonate platforms in the Beikang Basin are mainly controlled by tectonic and sedimentary environments,and are also affected by terrestrial detritus.展开更多
To confirm the seabed fluid flow at the Haima cold seeps,an integrated study of multi-beam and seismic data reveals the morphology and fate of four bubble plumes and investigates the detailed subsurface structure of t...To confirm the seabed fluid flow at the Haima cold seeps,an integrated study of multi-beam and seismic data reveals the morphology and fate of four bubble plumes and investigates the detailed subsurface structure of the active seepage area.The shapes of bubble plumes are not constant and influenced by the northeastward bottom currents,but the water depth where these bubble plumes disappear(630–650 m below the sea level)(mbsl)is very close to the upper limit of the gas hydrate stability zone in the water column(620 m below the sea level),as calculated from the CTD data within the study area,supporting the“hydrate skin”hypothesis.Gas chimneys directly below the bottom simulating reflectors,found at most sites,are speculated as essential pathways for both thermogenic gas and biogenic gas migrating from deep formations to the gas hydrate stability zone.The fracture network on the top of the basement uplift may be heavily gas-charged,which accounts for the chimney with several kilometers in diameter(beneath Plumes B and C).The much smaller gas chimney(beneath Plume D)may stem from gas saturated localized strong permeability zone.High-resolution seismic profiles reveal pipe-like structures,characterized by stacked localized amplitude anomalies,just beneath all the plumes,which act as the fluid conduits conveying gas from the gas hydrate-bearing sediments to the seafloor,feeding the gas plumes.The differences between these pipe-like structures indicate the dynamic process of gas seepage,which may be controlled by the build-up and dissipation of pore pressure.The 3D seismic data show high saturated gas hydrates with high RMS amplitude tend to cluster on the periphery of the gas chimney.Understanding the fluid migration and hydrate accumulation pattern of the Haima cold seeps can aid in the further exploration and study on the dynamic gas hydrate system in the South China Sea.展开更多
For the requirement of safe and stable operation,the combined sealing structure was used for reciprocating motion in the deep sea high-pressure environment,and the effects of different seawater depths and shaft moveme...For the requirement of safe and stable operation,the combined sealing structure was used for reciprocating motion in the deep sea high-pressure environment,and the effects of different seawater depths and shaft movement speed on the sealing performance of the combined sealing structure were studied.The change rule of the sealing performance of the combined sealing structure of reciprocating motion under different working conditions is proved.The study shows that in the combined sealing structure of reciprocating movement,the Von Mises stress and the contact stress of the O-ring varies with the direction of the shaft movement.The Von Mises stress and contact stress of the O-ring,the Von Mises stress and the contact stress on each sealing lip of the slip ring gradually increase with the increasing of seawater depths.At the same time,the Von Mises stress of the O-ring which in the process of the shaft upward movement is greater than the shaft downward movement,making the shaft upward movement more likely to cause the O-ring relaxation and fatigue.The shaft movement speed has no significant influence on the Von Mises stress and contact stress of the O-ring.The research results provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the selection and optimization of the geometrical parameters of the combined sealing structure in the deep-sea high-pressure environment.展开更多
Analysis of 3 D seismic data and well log data from the Rovuma Basin in East Africa reveals the presence of a late Eocene channel-lobe complex on its slope.The first two channels,denoted as channel-1 and channel-2,are...Analysis of 3 D seismic data and well log data from the Rovuma Basin in East Africa reveals the presence of a late Eocene channel-lobe complex on its slope.The first two channels,denoted as channel-1 and channel-2,are initiated within a topographic low on the slope but come to a premature end when they are blocked by a topographic high in the northwest region of the basin.New channels migrate southeastward from channel-1 to channel-6 due to the region’s sufficient sediment supply and stripping caused by bottom currents.The primary factors controlling the development of the channel complex include its initial paleo-topographic of seafloor,the property of gravity flows,the direction of the bottom current,and the stacking and expansion of its levees.The transition zone from channel to lobe can also be clearly identified from seismic sections by its pond-shaped structure.At a certain point,thest systems record a transiton from erosive features to sedimentary features,and record a transition from a confined environment to an open environment.Channels and lobes can be differentiated by their morphologies:thick slump-debris flows are partly developed under channel sand sheets,whereas these slump-debris flows are not very well developed in lobes.Well log responses also record different characteristics between channels and lobes.The interpreted shale volume throughout the main channel records a box-shaped curve,thereby implying that confined channel complexes record high energy currents and abundant sand supply,whereas the interpreted shale volume throughout the lobe records an upward-fining shape curve,thereby indicating the presence of a reduced-energy current in a relatively open environment.Within the Rovuma Basin of East Africa,the average width of the Rovuma shelf is less than 10 km,the width of the slope is only approximately 40 km,and the slope gradient is 2°–4°.Due to this steep slope gradient,the sand-rich top sheet within the channel also likely contributes to the straight feature of the channel system.It is currently unclear whether the bottom current has any effect on its sinuosity.展开更多
Higher-precision determinations of hydrate reservoirs, hydrate saturation levels and storage estimations are important for guaranteeing the ability to continuously research, develop and utilize natural gas hydrate res...Higher-precision determinations of hydrate reservoirs, hydrate saturation levels and storage estimations are important for guaranteeing the ability to continuously research, develop and utilize natural gas hydrate resources in China. With seismic stereoscopic detection technology, which fully combines the advantages of different seismic detection models, hydrate formation layers can be observed with multiangle, wide-azimuth, wide-band data with a high precision. This technique provides more reliable data for analyzing the distribution characteristics of gas hydrate reservoirs, establishing velocity models, and studying the hydrate-sensitive properties of petrophysical parameters;these data are of great significance for the exploration and development of natural gas hydrate resources. Based on a velocity model obtained from the analysis of horizontal streamer velocity data in the hydrate-bearing area of the Shenhu Sea, this paper uses three VCs(longitudinal spacing of 25 m) and four OBSs(transverse spacing of 200 m) to jointly detect seismic datasets consisting of wave points based on an inversion of traveltime imaging sections. Accordingly, by comparing the differences between the seismic phases in the original data and the forward-modeled seismic phases, multiangle coverage constraint corrections are applied to the initial velocity model, and the initial model is further optimized, thereby improving the imaging quality of the streamer data. Petrophysical elastic parameters are the physical parameters that are most directly and closely related to rock formations and reservoir physical properties. Based on the optimized velocity model, the rock elastic hydrate-sensitive parameters of the hydrate reservoirs in the study area are inverted, and the sensitivities of the petrophysical parameters to natural gas hydrates are investigated. According to an analysis of the inversion results obtained from these sensitive parameters, λρ, Vp and λμ are simultaneously controlled by the bulk modulus and shear modulus, while Vs and μρ are controlled only by the shear modulus, and the latter two parameters are less sensitive to hydrate-bearing layers. The bulk modulus is speculated to be more sensitive than the shear modulus to hydrates. In other words, estimating the specific gravity of the shear modulus among the combined parameters can affect the results from the combined elastic parameters regarding hydrate reservoirs.展开更多
The Makran accretionary prism is located at the junction of the Eurasian Plate,Arabian Plate and Indian Plate and is rich in natural gas hydrate(NGH)resources.It consists of a narrow continental shelf,a broad continen...The Makran accretionary prism is located at the junction of the Eurasian Plate,Arabian Plate and Indian Plate and is rich in natural gas hydrate(NGH)resources.It consists of a narrow continental shelf,a broad continental slope,and a deformation front.The continental slope can be further divided into the upper slope,middle slope,and lower slope.There are three types of diapir structure in the accretionary prism,namely mud diapir,mud volcano,and gas chimney.(1)The mud diapirs can be grouped into two types,namely the ones with low arching amplitude and weak-medium activity energy and the ones with high arching amplitude and medium-strong activity energy.The mud diapirs increase from offshore areas towards onshore areas in general,while the ones favorable for the formation of NGH are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism.(2)The mud volcanoes are mainly concentrated along the anticline ridges in the southern part of the lower slope and the deformation front.(3)The gas chimneys can be grouped into three types,which are located in piggyback basins,active anticline ridges,and inactive anticline ridges,respectively.They are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism and most of them are accompanied with thrust faults.The gas chimneys located at different tectonic locations started to be active at different time and pierced different horizons.The mud diapirs,mud volcanoes,and gas chimneys and thrust faults serve as the main pathways of gas migration,and thus are the important factors that control the formation,accumulation,and distribution of NGH in the Makran accretionary prism.Mud diapir/gas chimney type hydrate develop in the middle slope,mud volcano type hydrate develop in the southern lower slope and the deformation front,and stepped accretionary prism type hydrate develop on the central and northern lower slope.The middle slope,lower slope and deformation front in the central and western parts of the Makran accretionary prism jointly constitute the NGH prospect area.展开更多
The amount of methane leaked from deep sea cold seeps is enormous and potentially affects the global warming,ocean acidification and global carbon cycle.It is of great significance to study the methane bubble movement...The amount of methane leaked from deep sea cold seeps is enormous and potentially affects the global warming,ocean acidification and global carbon cycle.It is of great significance to study the methane bubble movement and dissolution process in the water column and its output to the atmosphere.Methane bubbles produce strong acoustic impedance in water bodies,and bubble strings released from deep sea cold seeps are called"gas flares"which expressed as flame-like strong backscatter in the water column.We characterized the morphology and movement of methane bubbles released into the water using multibeam water column data at two cold seeps.The result shows that methane at site I reached 920 m water depth without passing through the top of the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ,850 m),while methane bubbles at site II passed through the top of the GHSZ(597 m)and entered the non-GHSZ(above 550 m).By applying two methods on the multibeam data,the bubble rising velocity in the water column at sites I and II were estimated to be 9.6 cm/s and 24 cm/s,respectively.Bubble velocity is positively associated with water depth which is inferred to be resulted from decrease of bubble size during methane ascending in the water.Combined with numerical simulation,we concluded that formation of gas hydrate shells plays an important role in helping methane bubbles entering the upper water bodies,while other factors,including water depth,bubble velocity,initial kinetic energy and bubble size,also influence the bubble residence time in the water and the possibility of methane entering the atmosphere.We estimate that methane gas flux at these two sites is 0.4×10~6–87.6×10~6 mol/a which is extremely small compared to the total amount of methane in the ocean body,however,methane leakage might exert significant impact on the ocean acidification considering the widespread distributed cold seeps.In addition,although methane entering the atmosphere is not observed,further research is still needed to understand its potential impact on increasing methane concentration in the surface seawater and gas-water interface methane exchange rate,which consequently increase the greenhouse effect.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources,Ministry of Natural and Resources,Guangzhou(No.KLMMR-20220K02)the Marine Geological Survey Program of China Geological Survey(No.DD20191003)。
文摘Plasma spark sources are widely used in high-resolution seismic exploration.However,research on the excitation mechanism and propagation characteristics of plasma spark sources is very limited.In this study,we elaborated on the excitation process of corona discharge plasma spark source based on indoor experimental data.The electrode spacing has a direct impact on the movement of bubbles.As the spacing between bubbles decreases,they collapsed and fused,thereby suppressing the secondary pulse process.Based on the premise of linear arrangement and equal energy synchronous excitation,the motion equation of multiple bubbles under these conditions was derived,and a calculation method for the near-field wavelet model of plasma spark source was established.We simulated the source signals received in different directions and constructed a spatial wavelet face spectrum.Compared with traditional far-field wavelets,the spatial wavelet facial feature representation method provides a more comprehensive display of the variation characteristics and propagation properties of source wavelets in three-dimensional space.The spatial wavelet variation process of the plasma spark source was analyzed,and the source depth and the virtual reflection path are the main factors affecting the wavelet.The high-frequency properties of plasma electric spark source wavelets lead to their sensitivity to factors such as wave fluctuations,position changes,and environmental noise.Minor changes in collection parameters may result in significant changes in the recorded waveform and final data resolution.So,the facial feature method provides more effective technical support for wavelet evaluation.
文摘The South Yellow Sea Basin is a large sedimentary basin superimposed by the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine sedimentary basin and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin, where no oil and gas fields have been discovered after exploration for 58 years. After the failure of oil and gas exploration in terrestrial basins, the exploration target of the South Yellow Sea Basin turned to the marine Mesozoic- Paleozoic strata. After more than ten years' investigation and research, a lot of achievements have been obtained. The latest exploration obtained effective seismic reflection data of deep marine facies by the application of seismic exploration technology characterized by high coverage, abundant low-frequency components and strong energy source for the deep South Yellow Sea Basin. In addition, some wells drilled the Middle-Upper Paleozoic strata, with obvious oil and gas shows discovered in some horizons. The recent petroleum geological research on the South Yellow Sea Basin shows that the structure zoning of the marine residual basin has been redetermined, the basin structure has been defined, and 3 seismic reflection marker layers are traceable and correlatable in the residual thick Middle-Paleozoic strata below the continental Meso-Cenozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin. Based on these, the seismic sequence of the marine sedimentary strata was established. According to the avaliable oil and gas exploration and research, the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas prospects of the South Yellow Sea were predicted as follows.(1) The South Yellow Sea Basin has the same sedimentary formation and evolution history during the sedimentary period of the Middle-Paleozoic marine basin with the Sichuan Basin.(2) There are 3 regional high-quality source rocks.(3) The carbonate and clastic reservoirs are developed in the Mesozoic- Paleozoic strata.(4) The three source-reservoir-cap assemblages are relatively intact.(5) The Laoshan Uplift is a prospect area for the Lower Paleozoic oil and gas, and the Wunansha Uplift is one for the marine Upper Paleozoic oil and gas.(6) The Gaoshi stable zone in the Laoshan Uplift is a favorable zone.(7) The marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin has the geological conditions required to form large oil and gas fields, with remarkable oil and gas resources prospect. An urgent problem to be addressed now within the South Yellow Sea Basin is to drill parametric wells for the Lower Paleozoic strata as the target, to establish the complete stratigraphic sequence since the Paleozoic period, to obtain resource evaluation parameters, and to realize the strategic discovery and achieve breakthrough in oil and gas exploration understanding.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91958206,91858215)the National Key Research and Development Program Pilot Project(Nos.2018YFC1405901,2017YFC0307401)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-sities(No.201964016)the Marine Geological Survey Program of China Geological Survey(No.DD20190819)。
文摘Air gun arrays are often used in marine energy exploration and marine geological surveys.The study of the single bubble dynamics and multibubbles produced by air guns interacting with each other is helpful in understanding pressure signals.We used the van der Waals air gun model to simulate the wavelets of a sleeve gun of various offsets and arrival angles.Several factors were taken into account,such as heat transfer,the thermodynamically open quasi-static system,the vertical rise of the bubble,and air gun post throttling.Marine vertical cables are located on the seafloor,but hydrophones are located in seawater and are far away from the air gun array vertically.This situation conforms to the acquisition conditions of the air gun far-field wavelet and thus avoids the problems of ship noise,ocean surges,and coupling.High-quality 3D wavelet data of air gun arrays were collected during a vertical cable test in the South China Sea in 2017.We proposed an evaluation method of multidimensional facial features,including zeropeak amplitude,peak-peak amplitude,bubble period,primary-to-bubble ratio,frequency spectrum,instantaneous amplitude,instantaneous phase,and instantaneous frequency,to characterize the 3D air gun wave field.The match between the facial features in the field and simulated data provides confidence for the use of the van der Waals air gun model to predict air gun wavelet and facial features to evaluate air gun array.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42072324 and 91958202the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)under contract No.GML2019ZD0106+1 种基金the Resource&Environment Project of China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association under contract No.DY135-C1-1-03the Geological Survey Project of China Geological Survey under contract No.DD20190629.
文摘Given the advances in satellite altimetry and multibeam bathymetry,benthic terrain classification based on digital bathymetric models(DBMs)has been widely used for the mapping of benthic topographies.For instance,cobaltrich crusts(CRCs)are important mineral resources found on seamounts and guyots in the western Pacific Ocean.Thick,plate-like CRCs are known to form on the summit and slopes of seamounts at the 1000–3000 m depth,while the relationship between seamount topography and spatial distribution of CRCs remains unclear.The benthic terrain classification of seamounts can solve this problem,thereby,facilitating the rapid exploration of seamount CRCs.Our study used an EM122 multibeam echosounder to retrieve high-resolution bathymetry data in the CRCs contract license area of China,i.e.,the Jiaxie Guyots in 2015 and 2016.Based on the DBM construted by bathymetirc data,broad-and fine-scale bathymetric position indices were utilized for quantitative classification of the terrain units of the Jiaxie Guyots on multiple scales.The classification revealed four first-order terrain units(e.g.,flat,crest,slope,and depression)and eleven second-order terrain units(e.g.,local crests,depressions on crests,gentle slopes,crests on slopes,and local depressions,etc.).Furthermore,the classification of the terrain and geological analysis indicated that the Weijia Guyot has a large flat summit,with local crests at the southern summit,whereas most of the guyot flanks were covered by gentle slopes.“Radial”mountain ridges have developed on the eastern side,while large-scale gravitational landslides have developed on the western and southern flanks.Additionally,landslide masses can be observed at the bottom of these slopes.The coverage of local crests on the seamount is∼1000 km^(2),and the local crests on the peak and flanks of the guyots may be the areas where thick and continuous plate-like CRCs are likely to occur.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 41306037) the National Science and Technology Works Special Project of the China Geological Survey (No. DD20160213)Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (No. 2016ASKJ13)
文摘Submarine landslides have been observed in the Baiyun Depression of the South China Sea. The occurrence of hydrates below these landslides indicates that these slope instabilities may be closely related to the massive release of methane. In this study, we used a simple Monte-Carlo model to determine the first-order deformation pattern of a gravitationally destabilizing slope. The results show that a stress concentration occurs due to hydrate dissociation on the nearby glide surface and on top of a gas chimney structure. Upon the dissolution of the gas hydrate, slope failure occurs due to the excess pore pressure generated by the dissociation of the gas hydrates. When gas hydrates dissociate at shallow depths, the excess pore pressure generated can be greater than the total stress acting at those points, along with the forces that resist sliding. Initially, the failure occurs at the toe of the slope, then extends to the interior. Although our investigation focused only on the contribution of hydrate decomposition to submarine landslide, this process is also affected by both the slope material properties and topography.
基金funded by the China Geological Survey Project (Nos. GZH201500207 1212010611302 DD20160 138)
文摘Multi-beam bathymetry and seismic sequence surveys in the northern slope of the South China Sea reveal detailed geomorphology and seismic stratigraphy characteristics of canyons, gullies, and mass movements. Modern canyons and gullies are roughly elongated NNW–SSW with U-shaped cross sections at water depths of 400–1000 m. Mass movements include slide complexes, slide scars, and debris/turbidity flows. Slide complexes and slide scars are oriented in the NE–SW direction and cover an area of about 1790 and 926 km^2, respectively. The debris/turbidity flows developed along the lower slope. A detailed facies analysis suggests that four seismic facies exist, and the late Cenozoic stratigraphy above the acoustic basement can be roughly subdivided into three sequences separated by regional unconformities in the study area. The occurrence of gas hydrates is marked by seismic velocity anomalies, bottom-simulating reflectors, gas chimneys, and pockmarks in the study area. Seismic observations suggest that modern canyons and mass movements formed around the transition between the last glacial period and the current interglacial period. The possible existence and dissociation of gas hydrates and the regional tectonic setting may trigger instability and mass movements on the seafloor. Canyons may be the final result of gas hydrate dissociation. Our study aims to contribute new information that is applicable to engineering construction required for deep-water petroleum exploration and gas hydrate surveys along any marginal sea.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0306703)the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2019 ZD0201).
文摘Recently,methane seepage related to the dissociation of natural gas hydrates has attracted much attention,which has a significant impact on the study of the global carbon and nitrogen cycles.Based on the detailed geochemical analyses of sediments(core Q6)from the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea,three methane seepage activities were identified and the exact horizons of anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM)were defined.Furthermore,organic carbon isotopic(δ^(13)C_(TOC))levels ranged from−23.6‰–−20.6‰PDB;nitrogen isotopes(δ^(15)N_(TN))of the same sedimentary samples ranged from 1.8‰–5.3‰.We also found obvious simultaneous negative excursions of organic carbon isotopes(δ^(13)C_(TOC))and nitrogen isotopes(δ^(15)N_(TN))in the horizons of methane seepages.Compared with the normal sediments,their maximum negative excursions were 2.6‰and 2.5‰,respectively.We discuss in detail the various characteristics ofδ^(15)N_(TN) andδ^(13)C_(TOC) levels in sediments and their coupling responses to methane seepage activities.We believe that the methane seepage events changed the evolution trajectory ofδ^(15)N_(TN) andδ^(13)C_(TOC) levels in sediment records,which resulted in the simultaneous negative excursions.This phenomenon is of great significance to reveal the historical dissociation of natural gas hydrates and their influence on the deep-sea carbon and nitrogen pool.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51705145 and 51779092)the special funding support for the construction of innovative provinces in Hunan Province (Grant Nos. 2020GK1021, 2019SK2271, and 2019GK1012)
文摘A launch and recovery system for a seafloor drill was studied using a dynamic model that considered the influences of seawater resistance and the elastic deformation of the cable based on the lumped mass method.The influence of wave direction angle on heave,roll,and pitch motions of the ship was analyzed,and those motion characteristics were then used to assess the tension response of the armored umbilical cable at the lifting point under different wave direction angles.By analyzing the different wave direction angles we found that,when a ship experiences longitudinal waves it will express longitudinal movement.When a ship encounters transverse waves,it will have transverse movement.Under oblique waves from bow or stern,a ship will have both longitudinal and transverse movement,exhibiting obvious heave and pitch movements.Oblique waves,in this study,produced the most obvious impact on armored umbilical cable tension.However,the tension of the armored umbilical cable will change based on the weight of the armored umbilical cable and the seafloor drill in the water.This analysis has provided a useful reference for the study of heave compensation and the constant tension automatic control.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41606069 and 31500411)the Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (MSGL15-04)+6 种基金the Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of Land and Resources of China (No. KLMMR-2014-B-06)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province in China (No. 2015A030310374)the Director Grant for Oceanic technology of South China Sea Branch, State Oceanic Administration (1501)the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of China (50603-54)the Key Laboratory of Integrated Marine Monitoring and Applied Technologies for Harmful Algal Blooms, State Oceanic Administration (No. MATHAB201501)the Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, State Oceanic Administration (201504)the Mariana Trench Project of the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Although the Indo-Australian plate near the Ninetyeast Ridge is important for understanding the formation of new plate boundaries, its tectonic problems are complex and most of them are poorly known. This paper made a detailed tectonic analysis based on the data of bathymetry, gravity and magnetics. Bathymetry and gravity maps show morphological features of many folds, which are related to the intraplate deformation of the Indo-Australian plate due to the collision between the Indian and Asian plates. Gravity anomalies show the structure of fracture zones, which are caused by the seafloor spreading and transform faulting. The characteristics of the folds and fracture zones are consistent with the hypothesis that diffuse plate boundaries and redefined plate components would occur within the Indo-Australian plate. In addition, compiled magnetic data demonstrate magnetic lineations, abandoned spreading centers, southward ridge jumps and plate motions. These features provide useful information for rebuilding the tectonic evolution history of the study area. Magnetic anomalies suggest that an additional plate boundary of transform fault type is developing.
基金supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(No.2020B0301030003).
文摘Pyrite is one of the common authigenic minerals in marine sediments.Previous studies have shown that the morphological and isotopic characteristics of pyrite are closely related to the geochemical environment where it is formed.To better understand the for-mation mechanism of authigenic pyrite,we analyzed the isotopic composition,morphology,and distribution of pyrite in the sediment at 500m below the seafloor from Xisha Trough,South China Sea.Mineral morphologies were observed by scanning electron micros-copy and Raman spectrography.X-Ray computed tomography was applied to measure the particle size of pyrite.The size of pyrite crystals in the matrix sediment mainly ranged between 25 and 65µm(av.ca.40µm),although crystals were larger(av.ca.50μm)in the veins.The pyrites had a fine-grained truncated octahedral shape with occasionally well-developed growth steps,which implies the low growth rate and weak anaerobic oxidation of methane-sulfate reduction when pyrite was formed.Theδ^(34)S values of pyrites ranged from+20.8‰Vienna-defined Canyon Diablo Troilite(V-CDT)to+33.2‰V-CDT and from+44.8‰V-CDT to+48.9‰,which suggest two growth stages.In the first stage,with the continuous low methane flux,the pyrite possibly formed in an environment with good access to seawater.In the second stage,the pyrites mainly developed in sediment fractures and appeared in veins,probably due to the limited availability of sulfate.The less exposure of pyrite to the environment in the second stage was probably caused by sediment accumulation or perturbation.In this study,an episodic pyritization process was identified,and the paleoenvironment was reconstructed for the sediment investigated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41304096, 41176077, 412303 18)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (No. 2016ZX05024-001-002)+1 种基金the National Hightech R&D Program of China (863 Program) (Nos. 2013 AA092501, 2017YFC0307401)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 201762 019)
文摘Compared to towed streamers, ocean-bottom seismometers(OBS) obtain both S-wave data and richer wavefield information. In this paper, the induced polarization method is used to conduct wavefield separation on OBS data obtained from the Shenhu area in the South China Sea. A comparison of the changes in P-and S-waves, and a comprehensive analysis of geological factors within the area, enable analysis and description of the occurrence of natural gas hydrate in the study area. Results show an increase in P-wave velocity when natural gas hydrate exists in the formation, whereas the S-wave velocity remains almost constant, as S-waves can only propagate through the rock skeleton. Therefore, the bottom-simulating reflection(BSR) response of the P-wave is better than that of the S-wave in the frequency analysis profile. In a wide-angle section, the refractive wave of the hydrate layer is evident when using P-wave components but identification is difficult with S-wave components. This velocity model illustrates the sensitivity of Pand S-wave components to gas hydrate. The use of this polarization method and results of analysis provide technical and theoretical support for research on hydrate deposits and other geological features in the Shenhu area.
基金funded by the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(Grant No.GML2019ZD0102)the Chinese Geological Survey Project(Grant No.DD20190230 and DD20220224)。
文摘In recent years,a series of highly saturated leakage-type gas hydrates have been discovered in the western Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB),South China Sea.Based on the molecular compositional and isotopic characteristics of the gas samples relevant to the gas hydrates collected from the two leakage-type gas hydrate accumulations in the GMGS5 and GMGS6 drilling zones,a detailed geochemical gas-to-gas correlation was conducted in this study,in order to further understand the geochemical characteristics and possible hydrocarbon sources of these gas hydrates.The natural gas relevant to the gas hydrates in the GMGS5 block is characterized by wet gas(67.96%<%C_(1)<98.58%,C_(1)/C_(1+)<0.9)and significant molecular and carbon isotope fractionation within the depth profile,whereas the gas samples from the GMGS6 block exhibit the characteristics of dry gas(99.25%<%C_(1)<99.81%,C_(1)/C_(1+)>0.9)and lack molecular and carbon isotope fractionation.Approximately 40%‒60%of the methane within the gas hydrate is of microbial origin,while the C^(2+)gas components are typical coal-type gas that are derived from thermogenic source rocks or deeply-buried natural gas fields.In addition,typical in situ primary microbial methane(−80.6‰<δ^(13)C-C_(1)<−67.7‰)was discovered in well W b,which was applied to estimate the contribution of the microbial gas to the gas hydrates.The gas-to-gas correlation results show that the hydrate gases within the two leakage-type gas hydrate accumulations in the GMGS5 and GMGS6 blocks are geochemically different,suggesting that they may have been derived from different source kitchens.Our results further indicate that the deeply-buried thermogenic gas significantly contributed to the shallowly-buried gas hydrates in the western QDNB and multiple effective thermogenic source kitchens provided the hydrocarbon gas in the gas hydrate accumulations.
基金Supported by the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Nos.QNLM201708,QNLM2016ORP0206)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project Financially Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Nos.2017ASKJ02,2017ASKJ01,2016ASKJ13)+2 种基金the Special Fund for Land&Resources Scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201511037)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(No.ZR2016DB33)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2017YFC0306706-04)
文摘Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic re?ection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome re?ections, slope progradational re?ections, chaotic re?ections and discontinuous strong re?ections inside the reef, which onlap the ?ank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness.The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily in?uenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a "hidden" inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.
基金supported by Geological Investigation Programs of China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20190213 and No.DD20191009)the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0208)the Open Fund of MLR Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources(Grant No.KLMMR-2017-A-16)。
文摘The Beikang Basin is located in the southern part of the South China Sea(SCS),which is one of most tectonically complex sea areas.It is a deepwater sedimentary basin that was mainly deposited during the Cenozoic era.Owing to data restrictions,the research on carbonate platforms of this area is still in its infancy.High-resolution seismic data are analyzed to identify the Miocene carbonate platforms and reconstruct the architecture and growth history.The carbonate platforms of Beikang Basin began to develop in the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene,were extended in the Middle Miocene,and declined in the Late Miocene.The carbonate platform mainly developed during two periods:the Oligocene to the Early Miocene,and the Middle Miocene.The carbonate platforms that developed in the Middle Miocene were the most prosperous.The Middle Miocene carbonate platform in the Beikang Basin can be divided into three stages.In the first stage,the platforms had wide range which were thin.During the second stage,the platforms had a smaller range that was controlled by faults.In the third stage,the platforms were gradually submerged.The platform structure developed in the Middle Miocene at the Beikang Basin was controlled by the rate of rising/falling of the sea level and the carbonate growth rate.Based on an analysis of these changes and relationship,the platform can be divided into several patterns:retrogradation,submerged,aggradation,progradation,outward with up-stepping,outward with down-stepping,and down-stepping platforms.At the top of the carbonate platforms in the Beikang Basin a set of carbonate wings or mushrooms usually appeared.These were formed during a period of relative sea-level decline.It is believed that the Miocene carbonate platforms in the Beikang Basin are mainly controlled by tectonic and sedimentary environments,and are also affected by terrestrial detritus.
基金The Shandong Province “Taishan Scholar” Construction Projectthe fund of the Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) under contract No.MMRKF201810+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41606077the National Key R&D Program of China under contract No.2018YFC0310000.
文摘To confirm the seabed fluid flow at the Haima cold seeps,an integrated study of multi-beam and seismic data reveals the morphology and fate of four bubble plumes and investigates the detailed subsurface structure of the active seepage area.The shapes of bubble plumes are not constant and influenced by the northeastward bottom currents,but the water depth where these bubble plumes disappear(630–650 m below the sea level)(mbsl)is very close to the upper limit of the gas hydrate stability zone in the water column(620 m below the sea level),as calculated from the CTD data within the study area,supporting the“hydrate skin”hypothesis.Gas chimneys directly below the bottom simulating reflectors,found at most sites,are speculated as essential pathways for both thermogenic gas and biogenic gas migrating from deep formations to the gas hydrate stability zone.The fracture network on the top of the basement uplift may be heavily gas-charged,which accounts for the chimney with several kilometers in diameter(beneath Plumes B and C).The much smaller gas chimney(beneath Plume D)may stem from gas saturated localized strong permeability zone.High-resolution seismic profiles reveal pipe-like structures,characterized by stacked localized amplitude anomalies,just beneath all the plumes,which act as the fluid conduits conveying gas from the gas hydrate-bearing sediments to the seafloor,feeding the gas plumes.The differences between these pipe-like structures indicate the dynamic process of gas seepage,which may be controlled by the build-up and dissipation of pore pressure.The 3D seismic data show high saturated gas hydrates with high RMS amplitude tend to cluster on the periphery of the gas chimney.Understanding the fluid migration and hydrate accumulation pattern of the Haima cold seeps can aid in the further exploration and study on the dynamic gas hydrate system in the South China Sea.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51705145, 51779092)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2016YFC0300502 and No.2017YFC0307501)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (Grant No.2019JJ50182)Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province (Grant No.18B205)
文摘For the requirement of safe and stable operation,the combined sealing structure was used for reciprocating motion in the deep sea high-pressure environment,and the effects of different seawater depths and shaft movement speed on the sealing performance of the combined sealing structure were studied.The change rule of the sealing performance of the combined sealing structure of reciprocating motion under different working conditions is proved.The study shows that in the combined sealing structure of reciprocating movement,the Von Mises stress and the contact stress of the O-ring varies with the direction of the shaft movement.The Von Mises stress and contact stress of the O-ring,the Von Mises stress and the contact stress on each sealing lip of the slip ring gradually increase with the increasing of seawater depths.At the same time,the Von Mises stress of the O-ring which in the process of the shaft upward movement is greater than the shaft downward movement,making the shaft upward movement more likely to cause the O-ring relaxation and fatigue.The shaft movement speed has no significant influence on the Von Mises stress and contact stress of the O-ring.The research results provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the selection and optimization of the geometrical parameters of the combined sealing structure in the deep-sea high-pressure environment.
基金The China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund Project under contract No.12120100500017001the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42076219,92055211 and 42006067
文摘Analysis of 3 D seismic data and well log data from the Rovuma Basin in East Africa reveals the presence of a late Eocene channel-lobe complex on its slope.The first two channels,denoted as channel-1 and channel-2,are initiated within a topographic low on the slope but come to a premature end when they are blocked by a topographic high in the northwest region of the basin.New channels migrate southeastward from channel-1 to channel-6 due to the region’s sufficient sediment supply and stripping caused by bottom currents.The primary factors controlling the development of the channel complex include its initial paleo-topographic of seafloor,the property of gravity flows,the direction of the bottom current,and the stacking and expansion of its levees.The transition zone from channel to lobe can also be clearly identified from seismic sections by its pond-shaped structure.At a certain point,thest systems record a transiton from erosive features to sedimentary features,and record a transition from a confined environment to an open environment.Channels and lobes can be differentiated by their morphologies:thick slump-debris flows are partly developed under channel sand sheets,whereas these slump-debris flows are not very well developed in lobes.Well log responses also record different characteristics between channels and lobes.The interpreted shale volume throughout the main channel records a box-shaped curve,thereby implying that confined channel complexes record high energy currents and abundant sand supply,whereas the interpreted shale volume throughout the lobe records an upward-fining shape curve,thereby indicating the presence of a reduced-energy current in a relatively open environment.Within the Rovuma Basin of East Africa,the average width of the Rovuma shelf is less than 10 km,the width of the slope is only approximately 40 km,and the slope gradient is 2°–4°.Due to this steep slope gradient,the sand-rich top sheet within the channel also likely contributes to the straight feature of the channel system.It is currently unclear whether the bottom current has any effect on its sinuosity.
基金the Fund of Acoustics Science and Technology Laboratory(KY1050019005,KY1050019006,KY10500180084)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41304096,41876053)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HEUCFJ180503)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2016ZX05024-001-002)National key research and development plan(2017YFC0307401)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(201762019).
文摘Higher-precision determinations of hydrate reservoirs, hydrate saturation levels and storage estimations are important for guaranteeing the ability to continuously research, develop and utilize natural gas hydrate resources in China. With seismic stereoscopic detection technology, which fully combines the advantages of different seismic detection models, hydrate formation layers can be observed with multiangle, wide-azimuth, wide-band data with a high precision. This technique provides more reliable data for analyzing the distribution characteristics of gas hydrate reservoirs, establishing velocity models, and studying the hydrate-sensitive properties of petrophysical parameters;these data are of great significance for the exploration and development of natural gas hydrate resources. Based on a velocity model obtained from the analysis of horizontal streamer velocity data in the hydrate-bearing area of the Shenhu Sea, this paper uses three VCs(longitudinal spacing of 25 m) and four OBSs(transverse spacing of 200 m) to jointly detect seismic datasets consisting of wave points based on an inversion of traveltime imaging sections. Accordingly, by comparing the differences between the seismic phases in the original data and the forward-modeled seismic phases, multiangle coverage constraint corrections are applied to the initial velocity model, and the initial model is further optimized, thereby improving the imaging quality of the streamer data. Petrophysical elastic parameters are the physical parameters that are most directly and closely related to rock formations and reservoir physical properties. Based on the optimized velocity model, the rock elastic hydrate-sensitive parameters of the hydrate reservoirs in the study area are inverted, and the sensitivities of the petrophysical parameters to natural gas hydrates are investigated. According to an analysis of the inversion results obtained from these sensitive parameters, λρ, Vp and λμ are simultaneously controlled by the bulk modulus and shear modulus, while Vs and μρ are controlled only by the shear modulus, and the latter two parameters are less sensitive to hydrate-bearing layers. The bulk modulus is speculated to be more sensitive than the shear modulus to hydrates. In other words, estimating the specific gravity of the shear modulus among the combined parameters can affect the results from the combined elastic parameters regarding hydrate reservoirs.
基金This research was supported by projects of China Geological Survey(DD20190582,DD20191009)Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0106).
文摘The Makran accretionary prism is located at the junction of the Eurasian Plate,Arabian Plate and Indian Plate and is rich in natural gas hydrate(NGH)resources.It consists of a narrow continental shelf,a broad continental slope,and a deformation front.The continental slope can be further divided into the upper slope,middle slope,and lower slope.There are three types of diapir structure in the accretionary prism,namely mud diapir,mud volcano,and gas chimney.(1)The mud diapirs can be grouped into two types,namely the ones with low arching amplitude and weak-medium activity energy and the ones with high arching amplitude and medium-strong activity energy.The mud diapirs increase from offshore areas towards onshore areas in general,while the ones favorable for the formation of NGH are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism.(2)The mud volcanoes are mainly concentrated along the anticline ridges in the southern part of the lower slope and the deformation front.(3)The gas chimneys can be grouped into three types,which are located in piggyback basins,active anticline ridges,and inactive anticline ridges,respectively.They are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism and most of them are accompanied with thrust faults.The gas chimneys located at different tectonic locations started to be active at different time and pierced different horizons.The mud diapirs,mud volcanoes,and gas chimneys and thrust faults serve as the main pathways of gas migration,and thus are the important factors that control the formation,accumulation,and distribution of NGH in the Makran accretionary prism.Mud diapir/gas chimney type hydrate develop in the middle slope,mud volcano type hydrate develop in the southern lower slope and the deformation front,and stepped accretionary prism type hydrate develop on the central and northern lower slope.The middle slope,lower slope and deformation front in the central and western parts of the Makran accretionary prism jointly constitute the NGH prospect area.
基金The National Key Research and Development Plan under contract Nos 2018YFC0310000 and 2016YFC0304905-03the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41602149China Geological Survey Project under contract Nos DD20190582,DD20191009 and DD20160214。
文摘The amount of methane leaked from deep sea cold seeps is enormous and potentially affects the global warming,ocean acidification and global carbon cycle.It is of great significance to study the methane bubble movement and dissolution process in the water column and its output to the atmosphere.Methane bubbles produce strong acoustic impedance in water bodies,and bubble strings released from deep sea cold seeps are called"gas flares"which expressed as flame-like strong backscatter in the water column.We characterized the morphology and movement of methane bubbles released into the water using multibeam water column data at two cold seeps.The result shows that methane at site I reached 920 m water depth without passing through the top of the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ,850 m),while methane bubbles at site II passed through the top of the GHSZ(597 m)and entered the non-GHSZ(above 550 m).By applying two methods on the multibeam data,the bubble rising velocity in the water column at sites I and II were estimated to be 9.6 cm/s and 24 cm/s,respectively.Bubble velocity is positively associated with water depth which is inferred to be resulted from decrease of bubble size during methane ascending in the water.Combined with numerical simulation,we concluded that formation of gas hydrate shells plays an important role in helping methane bubbles entering the upper water bodies,while other factors,including water depth,bubble velocity,initial kinetic energy and bubble size,also influence the bubble residence time in the water and the possibility of methane entering the atmosphere.We estimate that methane gas flux at these two sites is 0.4×10~6–87.6×10~6 mol/a which is extremely small compared to the total amount of methane in the ocean body,however,methane leakage might exert significant impact on the ocean acidification considering the widespread distributed cold seeps.In addition,although methane entering the atmosphere is not observed,further research is still needed to understand its potential impact on increasing methane concentration in the surface seawater and gas-water interface methane exchange rate,which consequently increase the greenhouse effect.
