Flood disasters as Climate change hazards are common in developing countries, particularly in communities along the river Gambia. Local communities, for instance, had their local coping strategies that enabled them to...Flood disasters as Climate change hazards are common in developing countries, particularly in communities along the river Gambia. Local communities, for instance, had their local coping strategies that enabled them to stay in their communities even amid these ordeals, and climate change disaster threats. This work strives to understand flood impacts and the local peoples’ adaptation or coping strategies along the River Gambia basin. A community-based cross-sectional research study of 422 research participants of which 294 are males (69.7%) and females 128 (30.3%), and a focus group discussion of 10 groups which comprised 5 female groups and 5 male groups respectively found that 98.6% of the households experienced floods in their community, and 70.6% experienced flood in their houses, 2.1% have impending flood information and 88.4% do not know evacuation centres. The majority of the households had some local coping strategies, but they acknowledged their insufficient effectiveness. The result also shows that the impact of floods on farmlands, roads, buildings, and livestock was greatly felt. Coping strategies such as sandbags, raised elevations, contour bonds, dikes, and buildings on highlands were all found to be common mechanisms the local people used. The study opines that floods affect communities, but the effects vary depending on individual assets.展开更多
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiradical properties of extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of Phyllanthus muellerianus, a plant used in traditional Togolese medicine. Agar well-dif...The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiradical properties of extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of Phyllanthus muellerianus, a plant used in traditional Togolese medicine. Agar well-diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to assess the antimicrobial potential of hydroethanolic extracts from plant organs. Phytochemical compounds, total phenol and condensed tannin content, and free radical scavenging activity were determined in the three extracts. The results of the antimicrobial tests showed that the extract of P. muellerianus leaves was the most active on Staphylococcus strains, with inhibition diameters of 17 to 23 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of between 2.5 and 10 mg/mL. Tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids were found in all extracts. The P. muellerianus leaf extract has 4.23 ± 0.25 mgAGE/g of total phenols, the stem extract has 2.96 ± 0.05 mgCE/g of condensed tannins and the root extract expressed a higher antiradical compounds content (0.125 ± 0.003 mgAAE/g). The results of this study demonstrate the antimicrobial and free radical scavenging potential of the plant and contribute to justify its use in traditional medicine.展开更多
Air quality has been a major health issue in urban areas in recent decades.</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> Human activities release a large number of...Air quality has been a major health issue in urban areas in recent decades.</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> Human activities release a large number of pollutants into the atmosphere which ha</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> a direct impact on plant health and lead</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> to ecosystem degradation. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better evaluation of the impact of the air quality of the city of Togo on biological resources. The determination of pollutants was done on samples of plant species with a strong link with the source of pollution. The determination of Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) was done by the ripper method. The determination of carbon and estimation of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO by the colorimetric method. The determination of nitrogen was done by <span>the Kjeldhal method. The results showed that at the industrial level the</span> amount of CO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Alternanthera r</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">e</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">pens</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is high with a value of 53.3911 <span>mg/ml. On the other hand</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the quantity of CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Senna occidentalis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> 44.3619 mg/ml. In </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Pithecellobium dulce</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the quantity of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> are evaluated respectively to 0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">1588 mg/ml and 0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">3696 mg/ml. Regarding to the dumps, the quantity of CO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Newbouldia laevis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is very high with a value of 65.8508 mg/ml. On the other hand the amount of CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Senna occidentalis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">is 51.6106 mg/ml. The quantity of SO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Newbouldia laevis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.2101 mg/ml and NO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Ocimum canum</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.2744 mg/ml. At the level of roads, the quantities of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Eragrostis tenella</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> are very high with values respectively equal to 74.4092</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> mg/ml and 62.2654 mg/ml. On the other hand</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the amount of NO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Amaranthus</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> sp is 0.2304 mg/ml and that of SO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Eragrostis Tenella</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.1691 mg/ml. The use of a plant bioindicator sensitive to pollutants, allowed concluding that the air of the city of Lome is polluted. The concentration of <span>carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is much more evident in return </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">when </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">health of plant species is threatened.展开更多
The significant role of tropical forest ecosystems in the global carbon budget has increased the need for accurate estimates of tropical forest biomass.The lack of large-scale biomass allometric equations hampers the ...The significant role of tropical forest ecosystems in the global carbon budget has increased the need for accurate estimates of tropical forest biomass.The lack of large-scale biomass allometric equations hampers the understanding of the spatial distribution of tree biomass and carbon stocks and their influencing factors in West Africa.This study aimed to develop allometric equations to estimate aboveground biomass of African oak(Afzelia africana Sm.)in Burkina Faso and to analyze factors affecting the variability of tree biomass and carbon storage.Sixty individual trees were destructively sampled in four protected areas along two climatic zones.In each climatic zone,log–log models were tested and fitted to each aboveground biomass component and to the total aboveground biomass.Carbon content in tree aboveground components was evaluated using the ash method.All validated equations showed good fit and performance with high explained variance.Allometric equations differed between the Sudano-sahelian zone and the Sudanian zone,except for leaf biomass equations.Both biomass allocation and carbon content varied significantly between tree components but not between climatic zones.Carbon content in tree components followed the patterns of biomass allocation with branches accounting for the highest proportion.In the two climatic zones,carbon contents were 50.18–52.62%for leaves,54.78–54.94%for stems and 54.96–55.99%for branches.Dry biomass ranged from 509.05 to 765.56 kg tree^-1 at site level and from 620.21 to 624.48 kg tree^-1 along climatic zones.Carbon content varied from 53.90%in the Sudano-sahelian zone to 54.39%in the Sudanian zone.This study indicated that climate does not influence aboveground biomass production and carbon sequestration of Afzelia africana along the Sudanosahelian and the Sudanian climatic zones of Burkina Faso.Future studies on climate–growth relationships should contribute to better understanding climate effects on biomass production and carbon storage.展开更多
The application of remote sensing in understanding tree species structural diversity and land use patterns relationship is imperative for reforestation and biodiversity conservation efforts. This study assesses land u...The application of remote sensing in understanding tree species structural diversity and land use patterns relationship is imperative for reforestation and biodiversity conservation efforts. This study assesses land use patterns and tree species structural diversity in previously reforested hilly sandstone regions of northern Togo. The physical height, and diameter at breast height(DBH) more than 5 cm of all tree species in each given plot were measured in summer 2017. A total of 75 plots of 900 m^2 installed along the toposequence were recorded. In addition, a semi-supervised classification of Landsat 8 images in January of 2018, was also used to classify the land use patterns. 36 tree species and 19 families were recorded for the entire study area. Meanwhile, 19 tree species and 15 families were recorded for the previously afforested zones. The most abundant species included the Sterculiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Meliaceae, and Mimosaceae. The trees stand structure represented 8.61 ± 0.57 m, 11.28 ± 1.76 cm, and 0.018 ± 0.009 m^2 per hectare for height, diameter and basal area respectively. Major land use patterns were tree and shrub savannahs, parklands and croplands which represented over 60% of the landscape. It is necessary to examine the regeneration and vegetative multiplication potentials of the most frequent and abundant tree species for any eventual future afforestation programs in these hilly sandstone regions of northern Togo.展开更多
In the current context of REDD＋ opportunities, it is important to evaluate forest genetic resources for local communities＇ benefits. The aim of this ethnobotanical survey with an emphasis in cosmetopoeia--by referri...In the current context of REDD＋ opportunities, it is important to evaluate forest genetic resources for local communities＇ benefits. The aim of this ethnobotanical survey with an emphasis in cosmetopoeia--by referring to the word pharmacopoeia--was to explore, investigate, collect and identify natural resources used in traditional cosmetic in Togo for that purpose. The specific objectives were （i） to inventory plant species used as cosmetic in Togolese ethnocultural groups, and （ii） to describe their biological forms for their sustainable use. Based on ethnobotanical approach, this survey identified through multistage sampling design and semi-structured interview, 177 plant species belonging to 167 genera and 59 families with 82.45% dicotyledonous and 17.55% monocotyledonous species. According to life forms, these species were distributed as ligneous （56.50%） and herbaceous （43.50%）. The computation of Whittaker＇s Index of Association led to three communities of ethnic groups. The explanatory effect of the ethnic based-tradition was significant and confirmed by Monte Carlo permutation test （P = 0.0020） after 499 permutations under split-plot constraints. This first outline confirmed ethnobotany as a viable tool in search for plant genetic resources in cosmetic industries. These findings could be incorporated into future conservation management plans of forest genetic resources in Togo and other tropical countries.展开更多
The increase in the urban population and the high concentration of many<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> anth</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span styl...The increase in the urban population and the high concentration of many<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> anth</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ropogenic activities in certain regions of the world lead to atmospheric disturbances. The excess concentration of several chemical elements leads to air pollution. In order to identify the types of air pollutants, a study was carried out in the city of Lomé, the capital of Togo. The objective of this study is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">achieve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a better knowledge of the types of air pollutants in the city of</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Lomé. The identification of the various atmospheric pollutants linked to the sources of pollution was made using micro-sensors. The standardized method was used to access target gas concentration levels. The average concentrations of NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gaseous pollutants at landfills are on average 0.333 μg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;0.403 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> at the industrial level, at the transport level they are on average 0.434 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the morning and 0.457 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the evening. Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) are higher in industrial areas</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> than in others sources of pollution</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The average concentration measured at this level is 1632.79 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In terms of road transport, in the mornings the average concentration is 1493.23 </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, in the evening the average concentration is 1354.09 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. On the</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> other </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hand, they are lower at the level of the landfills, the average of which is</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1265.08 ppm. The highest SO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentrations are also observed only in the landfills of Port</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1 and Bè_Kpota</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2 with concentrations respectively and </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">relatively low and equal to 0.081 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 0.1616 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentration of ground-level ozone is zero in industries and landfills. On the other hand, at the level of road transport, some values were recorded at the level of two road </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">transports. These are Carrefour Attikoumé Djidjole (17.03 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Carrefour 2 Lions (0.001 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in the capital at the industrial level are on average 22.57 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;at landfills it is on average 0.24 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In terms of road transport, they are on average 7.890 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the morning and 8.23 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the evening. These results constitute a database for biomonitoring.</span></span>展开更多
Understanding the drivers of variations in fine root lifespan is key to informing nutrient cycling and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.However,the general patterns and determinants of forest fine root lifespan ...Understanding the drivers of variations in fine root lifespan is key to informing nutrient cycling and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.However,the general patterns and determinants of forest fine root lifespan at the global scale are still limited.We compiled a dataset of 421 fine root lifespan observations from 76 tree species globally to assess phylogenetic signals among species,explored relationships between fine root lifespan and biotic and abiotic factors,and quantified the relative importance of phylogeny,root system structure and functions,climatic and edaphic factors in driving global fine root lifespan variations.Overall,fine root lifespan showed a clear phylogenetic signal,with gymnosperms having a longer fine root lifespan than angiosperms.Fine root lifespan was longer for evergreens than deciduous trees.Ectomycorrhizal(ECM)plants had an extended fine root lifespan than arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)plants.Among different climatic zones,fine root lifespan was the longest in the boreal zone,while it did not vary between the temperate and tropical zone.Fine root lifespan increased with soil depth and root order.Furthermore,the analysis of relative importance indicated that phylogeny was the strongest driver influencing the variation in forest fine root lifespan,followed by soil clay content,root order,mean annual temperature,and soil depth,while other environmental factors and root traits exerted weaker effects.Our results suggest that the global pattern of fine root lifespan in forests is shaped by the interplay of phylogeny,root traits and environmental factors.These findings necessitate accurate representations of tree evolutionary history in earth system models to predict fine root longevity and its responses to global changes.展开更多
In this study, historical landscape dynamics were investigated to（i） map the land use/cover types for the years 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014;（ii） determine the types and processes of landscape dynamics; and（iii） as...In this study, historical landscape dynamics were investigated to（i） map the land use/cover types for the years 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014;（ii） determine the types and processes of landscape dynamics; and（iii） assess the landscape fragmentation and habitat loss over time. Supervised classification of multi-temporal Landsat images was used through a pixel-based approach. Post–classification methods included systematic and random change detection, trajectories analysis and landscape fragmentation assessment. The overall accuracies（and Kappa statistics） were of 68.86%（0.63）, 91.32%（0.79）, 90.66%（0.88） and 91.88%（0.89） for 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014, respectively. The spatio-temporal analyses indicated that forests, woodlands and savannahs dominated the landscapes during the four dates, though constant areal decreases were observed. The most important dynamic process was the decline of woodlands with an average annual net loss rate of –2%. Meanwhile, the most important land transformation occurred during the transition 2000–2014, due to anthropogenic pressures. Though the most important loss of vegetation greenness occurred in the unprotected areas, the overall analyses of change indicated a declining trend of land cover quality and an increasing landscape fragmentation. Sustainable conservation strategies should be promoted while focusing restoration attention on degraded lands and fragmented ecosystems in order to support rural livelihood and biodiversity conservation.展开更多
文摘Flood disasters as Climate change hazards are common in developing countries, particularly in communities along the river Gambia. Local communities, for instance, had their local coping strategies that enabled them to stay in their communities even amid these ordeals, and climate change disaster threats. This work strives to understand flood impacts and the local peoples’ adaptation or coping strategies along the River Gambia basin. A community-based cross-sectional research study of 422 research participants of which 294 are males (69.7%) and females 128 (30.3%), and a focus group discussion of 10 groups which comprised 5 female groups and 5 male groups respectively found that 98.6% of the households experienced floods in their community, and 70.6% experienced flood in their houses, 2.1% have impending flood information and 88.4% do not know evacuation centres. The majority of the households had some local coping strategies, but they acknowledged their insufficient effectiveness. The result also shows that the impact of floods on farmlands, roads, buildings, and livestock was greatly felt. Coping strategies such as sandbags, raised elevations, contour bonds, dikes, and buildings on highlands were all found to be common mechanisms the local people used. The study opines that floods affect communities, but the effects vary depending on individual assets.
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiradical properties of extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of Phyllanthus muellerianus, a plant used in traditional Togolese medicine. Agar well-diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to assess the antimicrobial potential of hydroethanolic extracts from plant organs. Phytochemical compounds, total phenol and condensed tannin content, and free radical scavenging activity were determined in the three extracts. The results of the antimicrobial tests showed that the extract of P. muellerianus leaves was the most active on Staphylococcus strains, with inhibition diameters of 17 to 23 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of between 2.5 and 10 mg/mL. Tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids were found in all extracts. The P. muellerianus leaf extract has 4.23 ± 0.25 mgAGE/g of total phenols, the stem extract has 2.96 ± 0.05 mgCE/g of condensed tannins and the root extract expressed a higher antiradical compounds content (0.125 ± 0.003 mgAAE/g). The results of this study demonstrate the antimicrobial and free radical scavenging potential of the plant and contribute to justify its use in traditional medicine.
文摘Air quality has been a major health issue in urban areas in recent decades.</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> Human activities release a large number of pollutants into the atmosphere which ha</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> a direct impact on plant health and lead</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> to ecosystem degradation. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better evaluation of the impact of the air quality of the city of Togo on biological resources. The determination of pollutants was done on samples of plant species with a strong link with the source of pollution. The determination of Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) was done by the ripper method. The determination of carbon and estimation of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO by the colorimetric method. The determination of nitrogen was done by <span>the Kjeldhal method. The results showed that at the industrial level the</span> amount of CO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Alternanthera r</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">e</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">pens</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is high with a value of 53.3911 <span>mg/ml. On the other hand</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the quantity of CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Senna occidentalis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> 44.3619 mg/ml. In </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Pithecellobium dulce</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the quantity of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> are evaluated respectively to 0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">1588 mg/ml and 0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">3696 mg/ml. Regarding to the dumps, the quantity of CO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Newbouldia laevis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is very high with a value of 65.8508 mg/ml. On the other hand the amount of CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Senna occidentalis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">is 51.6106 mg/ml. The quantity of SO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Newbouldia laevis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.2101 mg/ml and NO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Ocimum canum</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.2744 mg/ml. At the level of roads, the quantities of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Eragrostis tenella</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> are very high with values respectively equal to 74.4092</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> mg/ml and 62.2654 mg/ml. On the other hand</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the amount of NO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Amaranthus</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> sp is 0.2304 mg/ml and that of SO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Eragrostis Tenella</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.1691 mg/ml. The use of a plant bioindicator sensitive to pollutants, allowed concluding that the air of the city of Lome is polluted. The concentration of <span>carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is much more evident in return </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">when </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">health of plant species is threatened.
基金funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL) program。
文摘The significant role of tropical forest ecosystems in the global carbon budget has increased the need for accurate estimates of tropical forest biomass.The lack of large-scale biomass allometric equations hampers the understanding of the spatial distribution of tree biomass and carbon stocks and their influencing factors in West Africa.This study aimed to develop allometric equations to estimate aboveground biomass of African oak(Afzelia africana Sm.)in Burkina Faso and to analyze factors affecting the variability of tree biomass and carbon storage.Sixty individual trees were destructively sampled in four protected areas along two climatic zones.In each climatic zone,log–log models were tested and fitted to each aboveground biomass component and to the total aboveground biomass.Carbon content in tree aboveground components was evaluated using the ash method.All validated equations showed good fit and performance with high explained variance.Allometric equations differed between the Sudano-sahelian zone and the Sudanian zone,except for leaf biomass equations.Both biomass allocation and carbon content varied significantly between tree components but not between climatic zones.Carbon content in tree components followed the patterns of biomass allocation with branches accounting for the highest proportion.In the two climatic zones,carbon contents were 50.18–52.62%for leaves,54.78–54.94%for stems and 54.96–55.99%for branches.Dry biomass ranged from 509.05 to 765.56 kg tree^-1 at site level and from 620.21 to 624.48 kg tree^-1 along climatic zones.Carbon content varied from 53.90%in the Sudano-sahelian zone to 54.39%in the Sudanian zone.This study indicated that climate does not influence aboveground biomass production and carbon sequestration of Afzelia africana along the Sudanosahelian and the Sudanian climatic zones of Burkina Faso.Future studies on climate–growth relationships should contribute to better understanding climate effects on biomass production and carbon storage.
文摘The application of remote sensing in understanding tree species structural diversity and land use patterns relationship is imperative for reforestation and biodiversity conservation efforts. This study assesses land use patterns and tree species structural diversity in previously reforested hilly sandstone regions of northern Togo. The physical height, and diameter at breast height(DBH) more than 5 cm of all tree species in each given plot were measured in summer 2017. A total of 75 plots of 900 m^2 installed along the toposequence were recorded. In addition, a semi-supervised classification of Landsat 8 images in January of 2018, was also used to classify the land use patterns. 36 tree species and 19 families were recorded for the entire study area. Meanwhile, 19 tree species and 15 families were recorded for the previously afforested zones. The most abundant species included the Sterculiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Meliaceae, and Mimosaceae. The trees stand structure represented 8.61 ± 0.57 m, 11.28 ± 1.76 cm, and 0.018 ± 0.009 m^2 per hectare for height, diameter and basal area respectively. Major land use patterns were tree and shrub savannahs, parklands and croplands which represented over 60% of the landscape. It is necessary to examine the regeneration and vegetative multiplication potentials of the most frequent and abundant tree species for any eventual future afforestation programs in these hilly sandstone regions of northern Togo.
文摘In the current context of REDD＋ opportunities, it is important to evaluate forest genetic resources for local communities＇ benefits. The aim of this ethnobotanical survey with an emphasis in cosmetopoeia--by referring to the word pharmacopoeia--was to explore, investigate, collect and identify natural resources used in traditional cosmetic in Togo for that purpose. The specific objectives were （i） to inventory plant species used as cosmetic in Togolese ethnocultural groups, and （ii） to describe their biological forms for their sustainable use. Based on ethnobotanical approach, this survey identified through multistage sampling design and semi-structured interview, 177 plant species belonging to 167 genera and 59 families with 82.45% dicotyledonous and 17.55% monocotyledonous species. According to life forms, these species were distributed as ligneous （56.50%） and herbaceous （43.50%）. The computation of Whittaker＇s Index of Association led to three communities of ethnic groups. The explanatory effect of the ethnic based-tradition was significant and confirmed by Monte Carlo permutation test （P = 0.0020） after 499 permutations under split-plot constraints. This first outline confirmed ethnobotany as a viable tool in search for plant genetic resources in cosmetic industries. These findings could be incorporated into future conservation management plans of forest genetic resources in Togo and other tropical countries.
文摘The increase in the urban population and the high concentration of many<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> anth</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ropogenic activities in certain regions of the world lead to atmospheric disturbances. The excess concentration of several chemical elements leads to air pollution. In order to identify the types of air pollutants, a study was carried out in the city of Lomé, the capital of Togo. The objective of this study is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">achieve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a better knowledge of the types of air pollutants in the city of</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Lomé. The identification of the various atmospheric pollutants linked to the sources of pollution was made using micro-sensors. The standardized method was used to access target gas concentration levels. The average concentrations of NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gaseous pollutants at landfills are on average 0.333 μg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;0.403 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> at the industrial level, at the transport level they are on average 0.434 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the morning and 0.457 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the evening. Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) are higher in industrial areas</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> than in others sources of pollution</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The average concentration measured at this level is 1632.79 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In terms of road transport, in the mornings the average concentration is 1493.23 </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, in the evening the average concentration is 1354.09 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. On the</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> other </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hand, they are lower at the level of the landfills, the average of which is</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1265.08 ppm. The highest SO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentrations are also observed only in the landfills of Port</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1 and Bè_Kpota</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2 with concentrations respectively and </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">relatively low and equal to 0.081 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 0.1616 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentration of ground-level ozone is zero in industries and landfills. On the other hand, at the level of road transport, some values were recorded at the level of two road </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">transports. These are Carrefour Attikoumé Djidjole (17.03 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Carrefour 2 Lions (0.001 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in the capital at the industrial level are on average 22.57 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;at landfills it is on average 0.24 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In terms of road transport, they are on average 7.890 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the morning and 8.23 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the evening. These results constitute a database for biomonitoring.</span></span>
基金provided by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD2200904)the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Province(2022AH050873)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture(SKLSS-KF2023-08)the Anhui Provincial Science and Technology Special Project(202204c06020014)。
文摘Understanding the drivers of variations in fine root lifespan is key to informing nutrient cycling and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.However,the general patterns and determinants of forest fine root lifespan at the global scale are still limited.We compiled a dataset of 421 fine root lifespan observations from 76 tree species globally to assess phylogenetic signals among species,explored relationships between fine root lifespan and biotic and abiotic factors,and quantified the relative importance of phylogeny,root system structure and functions,climatic and edaphic factors in driving global fine root lifespan variations.Overall,fine root lifespan showed a clear phylogenetic signal,with gymnosperms having a longer fine root lifespan than angiosperms.Fine root lifespan was longer for evergreens than deciduous trees.Ectomycorrhizal(ECM)plants had an extended fine root lifespan than arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)plants.Among different climatic zones,fine root lifespan was the longest in the boreal zone,while it did not vary between the temperate and tropical zone.Fine root lifespan increased with soil depth and root order.Furthermore,the analysis of relative importance indicated that phylogeny was the strongest driver influencing the variation in forest fine root lifespan,followed by soil clay content,root order,mean annual temperature,and soil depth,while other environmental factors and root traits exerted weaker effects.Our results suggest that the global pattern of fine root lifespan in forests is shaped by the interplay of phylogeny,root traits and environmental factors.These findings necessitate accurate representations of tree evolutionary history in earth system models to predict fine root longevity and its responses to global changes.
基金funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF)hosted by the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Kumasi,Ghana+1 种基金the Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (University of Lome, Togo) for fieldwork supportthe contribution of CGIAR-DS through the funding to Quang Bao Le
文摘In this study, historical landscape dynamics were investigated to（i） map the land use/cover types for the years 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014;（ii） determine the types and processes of landscape dynamics; and（iii） assess the landscape fragmentation and habitat loss over time. Supervised classification of multi-temporal Landsat images was used through a pixel-based approach. Post–classification methods included systematic and random change detection, trajectories analysis and landscape fragmentation assessment. The overall accuracies（and Kappa statistics） were of 68.86%（0.63）, 91.32%（0.79）, 90.66%（0.88） and 91.88%（0.89） for 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014, respectively. The spatio-temporal analyses indicated that forests, woodlands and savannahs dominated the landscapes during the four dates, though constant areal decreases were observed. The most important dynamic process was the decline of woodlands with an average annual net loss rate of –2%. Meanwhile, the most important land transformation occurred during the transition 2000–2014, due to anthropogenic pressures. Though the most important loss of vegetation greenness occurred in the unprotected areas, the overall analyses of change indicated a declining trend of land cover quality and an increasing landscape fragmentation. Sustainable conservation strategies should be promoted while focusing restoration attention on degraded lands and fragmented ecosystems in order to support rural livelihood and biodiversity conservation.
