Introduction: Human rabies is a major public health problem in many African countries, including Côte d’Ivoire. The present work aims at describing the eco-epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases r...Introduction: Human rabies is a major public health problem in many African countries, including Côte d’Ivoire. The present work aims at describing the eco-epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases recorded in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective cross-sectional descriptive study based on epidemiological surveillance data that ran from september 2014 to december 2017. The clinical data were extracted from the database of the human rabies epidemiological surveillance management service of the National Institute of Public Hygiene’s rabies centre. These data cover the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017. Results: Human rabies is endemic in Côte d’Ivoire, with most people exposed in the south and especially in the west of the country. There was no association between any of the climatological parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfall) and the occurrence of human rabies during the months of exposure to rabies infection. Conclusion: Ultimately, effective prevention and control of human rabies requires a thorough understanding of the links between climatological parameters and rabies. Health authorities must take ownership of these results if we are to achieve our goal of eliminating rabies by 2030.展开更多
Introduction: Cervical cancer is a public health concern and is mainly caused by Human papillomaviruses (HPV). In many parts of the world, studies are being carried out to understand the different genotypes to better ...Introduction: Cervical cancer is a public health concern and is mainly caused by Human papillomaviruses (HPV). In many parts of the world, studies are being carried out to understand the different genotypes to better tackle this issue. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of HPV genotypes in women with chronic hepatitis B or C infection, co-infected or not with HIV, treated at the Hôpital Saint Camille in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Methods: This study was conducted from April to July 2023, including 100 women in gastroenterology at Hôpital Saint Camille. A questionnaire on their socio-demographic and life style was administrated;and endocervical samples were collected using sterile swabs and then sent to Centre of Biomolecular Research Pietro Annigoni (CERBA). HPV molecular detection and genotyping were performed by PCR and hybridization using the HPV Direct Flow Chips kit. Data were analysis using chi square test or Fischer’s exact test with a significance threshold for p Results: The prevalence of HPV infection was 28% (28/100) on the sample of women tested. The most frequent genotypes were HPV 52 (8.33%), followed by HPV 18 and 68 (6.25% each) for high-risk HPVs, and HPV 6, 44/55 and 62/81 (8.33% each) for low-risk HPVs. Conclusion: This study, the first of its kind in Burkina Faso on this group of the population, reveals that the most frequent genotypes found in this study are not included in the vaccine available in Burkina Faso (Gardasil<sup>®</sup>4).展开更多
Candida auris since it discovery in 2009 is becoming a severe threat to human health due to its very quickly spread, its worldwide high resistance to systemic antifungal drugs. In resource-constrained settings where s...Candida auris since it discovery in 2009 is becoming a severe threat to human health due to its very quickly spread, its worldwide high resistance to systemic antifungal drugs. In resource-constrained settings where several conditions are met for its emergence and spread, this worrisome fungus could cause large hospital and/or community-based outbreaks. This review aimed to summarize the available data on C. auris in Africa focusing on its epidemiology and antifungal resistance profile. Major databases were searched for articles on the epidemiology and antifungal resistance profile of C. auris in Africa. Out of 2,521 articles identified 22 met the inclusion criteria. In Africa, nearly 89% of African countries have no published data on C. auris. The prevalence of C. auris in Africa was 8.74%. The case fatality rate of C. auris infection in Africa was 39.46%. The main C. auris risk factors reported in Africa were cardiovascular disease, renal failure, diabetes, HIV, recent intake of antimicrobial drugs, ICU admissions, surgery, hemodialysis, parenteral nutrition and indwelling devices. Four phylogenetic clades were reported in Africa, namely clades I, II, III and IV. Candida auris showed a pan-African very high resistance rate to fluconazole, moderate resistance to amphotericin B, and high susceptibility to echinocandins. Finally, C. auris clade-specific mutations were observed within the ERG2, ERG3, ERG9, ERG11, FKS1, TAC1b and MRR1 genes in Africa. This systematic review showed the presence of C. auris in the African continent and a worrying unavailability of data on this resilient fungus in most African countries.展开更多
A study on the use of pesticides in market-gardening production was carried out on 108 market-gardeners in the rural city of Tori-Bossito in Southern Benin. The objective of the study was to characterize the potential...A study on the use of pesticides in market-gardening production was carried out on 108 market-gardeners in the rural city of Tori-Bossito in Southern Benin. The objective of the study was to characterize the potential risks of pesticides usage by farmers and the impacts on their health and on the environment. Two risk indexes were calculated for each pesticide: an environmental risk index (ERI) and a health risk index (HRI). First stage larva of the mosquito Aedes aegypti were used as bio-indicator for detecting insecticide residue in vegetable before their harvesting on the farms. The highest ERI were obtained for carbofuran, chlorpyriphos ethyl and endosulfan. Pesticide residues were found in 42% of the samples of leaves of eggplant, cucumber, amaranth and solanum. Vegetables growers used pesticides that may be highly hazardous and which were not registered in most cases. These situations could have unexpected consequences including the exposure of consumers to health hazards.展开更多
Background: This study assessed the effect of a nutrition education intervention aiming to improve the knowledge and practices of under 5 years children’s mothers on infant and young child feeding in peri urban areas...Background: This study assessed the effect of a nutrition education intervention aiming to improve the knowledge and practices of under 5 years children’s mothers on infant and young child feeding in peri urban areas of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso. Methods: A total of 243 mothers of children under 5 years in the peri-urban of Bobo-Dioulasso were surveyed before and after the intervention using the FAO questionnaire for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) knowledge and practices assessment in January and October 2017. The intervention included two components consisting of a theoretical phase (counselling and discussion) and cooking demonstrations implemented for ten months. To account for the before-and-after design of the study, the McNemar’s test was used to assess the effect of the intervention on mothers’ infant and young child feeding knowledge and practices. Results: The mean age of mothers was 29 ± 6.2 years and 50.6% of the mothers were between 20 and 29 years old. All indicators used to assess the mothers’ knowledge of breastfeeding and complementary feeding significantly improved after the intervention (all p-values < 0.05). In terms of child feeding practices, half of the indicators (early breastfeeding initiation, age of complementary feeding initiation, and minimum meal frequency) significantly increased (all p = 0.001) while two indicators (minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diet) did not change (p = 0.06 and 0.67) after the intervention. Finally, continued breastfeeding, significantly declined after the intervention (73.3% vs 86.0% p = 0.001). Conclusion: The intervention improved the mothers’ knowledge on breastfeeding and complementary feeding and some child feeding practices. This study provided some evidence of an effective nutrition education intervention to increase maternal knowledge and practices.展开更多
Background: The diagnosis and treatment of active tuberculosis and the detection/management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) cases are the two main strategies for the TB control, particularly in endemic countri...Background: The diagnosis and treatment of active tuberculosis and the detection/management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) cases are the two main strategies for the TB control, particularly in endemic countries. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) are tools for detection of LTBI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus<sup>®</sup> (QTF-Plus) and to identify a threshold for TST in best agreement with QTF-Plus for LTBI detection in a high TB burden setting. Methods: In July 2020, a cross-sectional analytical study was performed for QFT-Plus using blood samples and TST in 101 individuals with a high risk of TB living in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. A crude comparison between both tests was done and receiver operating characteristic curve was generated to determine TST’s threshold. TST sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy were calculated. Adjusted agreement between TST and QFT-Plus was evaluated. Results: With the minimum threshold of positivity set at 5 mm for TST, the overall agreement between the latter and QFT-Plus was poor with a Kappa coefficient (κ) rated at 0.319 (95% CI: 0.131 - 0.508). This cut-off yielded a sensitivity of 94.12% (95% CI: 88.53 - 99.71), and very poor specificity of 36.4% (95% IC: 25.0 - 47.80). However, an adjusted cut-off set at 11 mm gave a better specificity of 72.73% (95% CI: 62.1 - 83.30) of TST and improved the PPV (86%). Moreover, concordance between both tests was improved with κ at 0.56 (95% CI: 0.385 - 0.728) and 80.20% of accuracy. Factors associated with discordance between TST (11 mm) and QFT-Plus results were BCG vaccination, OR = 7.53 (95% CI: 1.43 - 139.25), p = 0.05 and chronic cough, OR = 5.07 (95% CI: 1.27 - 20.43), p = 0.01. Conclusions: This study showed that using a minimal cut-off of 11mm for TST significantly improved the concordance between QTF-Plus (IGRA) and TST. Using the cut-off TST of 11 mm would be ideal in low-income countries with a high TB burden, taking into account factors that could contribute to the discrepancy of results.展开更多
The rapid spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to general psychosis among the population in Ivory Coast. The medical profession, on the front line of the treatment, was in distress, given the risk of expos...The rapid spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to general psychosis among the population in Ivory Coast. The medical profession, on the front line of the treatment, was in distress, given the risk of exposure to the patient. It is in this context that this study has set itself the objective of studying anxiety among caregivers involved in the management of people with COVID-19. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study that included a sample of 50 stakeholders. It took place from July to September 2020 at the Treatment Center of the Village of Information Technologies and Biotechnology in Grand-Bassam (VITIB) and the Infectious Diseases Treatment Center (CTMI) of the University Hospital (CHU) of Cocody. The results indicate that caregivers were male in 52% of cases with an average age of 36 years. These are: doctors, nurses and caregivers respectively in the proportions of 18%, 42% and 40% with more than half (58%) who had more than 5 years of seniority. A proportion of 34% of caregivers felt they were insufficiently protected. The Hamilton Scale assessment of anxiety showed that 14% had mild anxiety, 6% moderate anxiety and 2% severe anxiety. There was no link between the degree of anxiety and professional seniority but also between the degree of anxiety and the marital situation. This work has therefore made it possible to see that anxiety is a real problem for caregivers dedicated to the management of COVID-19 patients.展开更多
Background: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used to detect and quantify a load of a pathogen. It is a good indicator of the degree of transmissibility. While performing routine qPCR, we observed an unusually short cycl...Background: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used to detect and quantify a load of a pathogen. It is a good indicator of the degree of transmissibility. While performing routine qPCR, we observed an unusually short cycle threshold (Ct) value of SARS-CoV-2 for a clinical specimen obtained in Bamako, Mali. This prompted us to sequence the short-cycle SARS-CoV-2 sample to identify potential mutations in the Spike gene (S gene) gene. Methods: Post-infection, Quantitative Reverse Transcription (qRT-PCR) was performed over a defined time course to estimate the Ct of the SARS-CoV-2 specimen collected from the patient. Sanger sequencing was done on the entire fragment of the S gene to identify mutations. Findings: Sanger sequencing revealed mutations in the lineage of interest, designated B.1.525 by Pango, and also known as “Eta” using the nomenclature defined by WHO. This variant was originally found in Nigeria and Italy. The four novel mutations identified in Eta (D228N, Y451N, I1172M, and C1250F) were otherwise observed with a low frequency worldwide. Although the initial Ct was 10 in the case study patient, he did not exhibit severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2, for example, pneumonia. However, we observed a longer viral clearance period than usual, of 3 weeks. We note that as compared to SARS-CoV-2 samples obtained during the first peaks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mali, when the infection was at its peak in March 2020 (Ct = 30.4), circulating strains evaluated at the time the Eta sample was obtained demonstrated a lower mean Ct (Ct = 24). Conclusions: The short cycle threshold associated with this variant, and the temporal association with a decrease in the mean Ct in the region of Bamako, may indicate higher levels of transmissibility due to a circulating variant. This variant is a lineage of interest designated B.1.525 by Pango or Eta by WHO.展开更多
文摘Introduction: Human rabies is a major public health problem in many African countries, including Côte d’Ivoire. The present work aims at describing the eco-epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases recorded in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective cross-sectional descriptive study based on epidemiological surveillance data that ran from september 2014 to december 2017. The clinical data were extracted from the database of the human rabies epidemiological surveillance management service of the National Institute of Public Hygiene’s rabies centre. These data cover the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017. Results: Human rabies is endemic in Côte d’Ivoire, with most people exposed in the south and especially in the west of the country. There was no association between any of the climatological parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfall) and the occurrence of human rabies during the months of exposure to rabies infection. Conclusion: Ultimately, effective prevention and control of human rabies requires a thorough understanding of the links between climatological parameters and rabies. Health authorities must take ownership of these results if we are to achieve our goal of eliminating rabies by 2030.
文摘Introduction: Cervical cancer is a public health concern and is mainly caused by Human papillomaviruses (HPV). In many parts of the world, studies are being carried out to understand the different genotypes to better tackle this issue. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of HPV genotypes in women with chronic hepatitis B or C infection, co-infected or not with HIV, treated at the Hôpital Saint Camille in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Methods: This study was conducted from April to July 2023, including 100 women in gastroenterology at Hôpital Saint Camille. A questionnaire on their socio-demographic and life style was administrated;and endocervical samples were collected using sterile swabs and then sent to Centre of Biomolecular Research Pietro Annigoni (CERBA). HPV molecular detection and genotyping were performed by PCR and hybridization using the HPV Direct Flow Chips kit. Data were analysis using chi square test or Fischer’s exact test with a significance threshold for p Results: The prevalence of HPV infection was 28% (28/100) on the sample of women tested. The most frequent genotypes were HPV 52 (8.33%), followed by HPV 18 and 68 (6.25% each) for high-risk HPVs, and HPV 6, 44/55 and 62/81 (8.33% each) for low-risk HPVs. Conclusion: This study, the first of its kind in Burkina Faso on this group of the population, reveals that the most frequent genotypes found in this study are not included in the vaccine available in Burkina Faso (Gardasil<sup>®</sup>4).
文摘Candida auris since it discovery in 2009 is becoming a severe threat to human health due to its very quickly spread, its worldwide high resistance to systemic antifungal drugs. In resource-constrained settings where several conditions are met for its emergence and spread, this worrisome fungus could cause large hospital and/or community-based outbreaks. This review aimed to summarize the available data on C. auris in Africa focusing on its epidemiology and antifungal resistance profile. Major databases were searched for articles on the epidemiology and antifungal resistance profile of C. auris in Africa. Out of 2,521 articles identified 22 met the inclusion criteria. In Africa, nearly 89% of African countries have no published data on C. auris. The prevalence of C. auris in Africa was 8.74%. The case fatality rate of C. auris infection in Africa was 39.46%. The main C. auris risk factors reported in Africa were cardiovascular disease, renal failure, diabetes, HIV, recent intake of antimicrobial drugs, ICU admissions, surgery, hemodialysis, parenteral nutrition and indwelling devices. Four phylogenetic clades were reported in Africa, namely clades I, II, III and IV. Candida auris showed a pan-African very high resistance rate to fluconazole, moderate resistance to amphotericin B, and high susceptibility to echinocandins. Finally, C. auris clade-specific mutations were observed within the ERG2, ERG3, ERG9, ERG11, FKS1, TAC1b and MRR1 genes in Africa. This systematic review showed the presence of C. auris in the African continent and a worrying unavailability of data on this resilient fungus in most African countries.
文摘A study on the use of pesticides in market-gardening production was carried out on 108 market-gardeners in the rural city of Tori-Bossito in Southern Benin. The objective of the study was to characterize the potential risks of pesticides usage by farmers and the impacts on their health and on the environment. Two risk indexes were calculated for each pesticide: an environmental risk index (ERI) and a health risk index (HRI). First stage larva of the mosquito Aedes aegypti were used as bio-indicator for detecting insecticide residue in vegetable before their harvesting on the farms. The highest ERI were obtained for carbofuran, chlorpyriphos ethyl and endosulfan. Pesticide residues were found in 42% of the samples of leaves of eggplant, cucumber, amaranth and solanum. Vegetables growers used pesticides that may be highly hazardous and which were not registered in most cases. These situations could have unexpected consequences including the exposure of consumers to health hazards.
文摘Background: This study assessed the effect of a nutrition education intervention aiming to improve the knowledge and practices of under 5 years children’s mothers on infant and young child feeding in peri urban areas of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso. Methods: A total of 243 mothers of children under 5 years in the peri-urban of Bobo-Dioulasso were surveyed before and after the intervention using the FAO questionnaire for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) knowledge and practices assessment in January and October 2017. The intervention included two components consisting of a theoretical phase (counselling and discussion) and cooking demonstrations implemented for ten months. To account for the before-and-after design of the study, the McNemar’s test was used to assess the effect of the intervention on mothers’ infant and young child feeding knowledge and practices. Results: The mean age of mothers was 29 ± 6.2 years and 50.6% of the mothers were between 20 and 29 years old. All indicators used to assess the mothers’ knowledge of breastfeeding and complementary feeding significantly improved after the intervention (all p-values < 0.05). In terms of child feeding practices, half of the indicators (early breastfeeding initiation, age of complementary feeding initiation, and minimum meal frequency) significantly increased (all p = 0.001) while two indicators (minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diet) did not change (p = 0.06 and 0.67) after the intervention. Finally, continued breastfeeding, significantly declined after the intervention (73.3% vs 86.0% p = 0.001). Conclusion: The intervention improved the mothers’ knowledge on breastfeeding and complementary feeding and some child feeding practices. This study provided some evidence of an effective nutrition education intervention to increase maternal knowledge and practices.
文摘Background: The diagnosis and treatment of active tuberculosis and the detection/management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) cases are the two main strategies for the TB control, particularly in endemic countries. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) are tools for detection of LTBI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus<sup>®</sup> (QTF-Plus) and to identify a threshold for TST in best agreement with QTF-Plus for LTBI detection in a high TB burden setting. Methods: In July 2020, a cross-sectional analytical study was performed for QFT-Plus using blood samples and TST in 101 individuals with a high risk of TB living in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. A crude comparison between both tests was done and receiver operating characteristic curve was generated to determine TST’s threshold. TST sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy were calculated. Adjusted agreement between TST and QFT-Plus was evaluated. Results: With the minimum threshold of positivity set at 5 mm for TST, the overall agreement between the latter and QFT-Plus was poor with a Kappa coefficient (κ) rated at 0.319 (95% CI: 0.131 - 0.508). This cut-off yielded a sensitivity of 94.12% (95% CI: 88.53 - 99.71), and very poor specificity of 36.4% (95% IC: 25.0 - 47.80). However, an adjusted cut-off set at 11 mm gave a better specificity of 72.73% (95% CI: 62.1 - 83.30) of TST and improved the PPV (86%). Moreover, concordance between both tests was improved with κ at 0.56 (95% CI: 0.385 - 0.728) and 80.20% of accuracy. Factors associated with discordance between TST (11 mm) and QFT-Plus results were BCG vaccination, OR = 7.53 (95% CI: 1.43 - 139.25), p = 0.05 and chronic cough, OR = 5.07 (95% CI: 1.27 - 20.43), p = 0.01. Conclusions: This study showed that using a minimal cut-off of 11mm for TST significantly improved the concordance between QTF-Plus (IGRA) and TST. Using the cut-off TST of 11 mm would be ideal in low-income countries with a high TB burden, taking into account factors that could contribute to the discrepancy of results.
文摘The rapid spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to general psychosis among the population in Ivory Coast. The medical profession, on the front line of the treatment, was in distress, given the risk of exposure to the patient. It is in this context that this study has set itself the objective of studying anxiety among caregivers involved in the management of people with COVID-19. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study that included a sample of 50 stakeholders. It took place from July to September 2020 at the Treatment Center of the Village of Information Technologies and Biotechnology in Grand-Bassam (VITIB) and the Infectious Diseases Treatment Center (CTMI) of the University Hospital (CHU) of Cocody. The results indicate that caregivers were male in 52% of cases with an average age of 36 years. These are: doctors, nurses and caregivers respectively in the proportions of 18%, 42% and 40% with more than half (58%) who had more than 5 years of seniority. A proportion of 34% of caregivers felt they were insufficiently protected. The Hamilton Scale assessment of anxiety showed that 14% had mild anxiety, 6% moderate anxiety and 2% severe anxiety. There was no link between the degree of anxiety and professional seniority but also between the degree of anxiety and the marital situation. This work has therefore made it possible to see that anxiety is a real problem for caregivers dedicated to the management of COVID-19 patients.
文摘Background: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used to detect and quantify a load of a pathogen. It is a good indicator of the degree of transmissibility. While performing routine qPCR, we observed an unusually short cycle threshold (Ct) value of SARS-CoV-2 for a clinical specimen obtained in Bamako, Mali. This prompted us to sequence the short-cycle SARS-CoV-2 sample to identify potential mutations in the Spike gene (S gene) gene. Methods: Post-infection, Quantitative Reverse Transcription (qRT-PCR) was performed over a defined time course to estimate the Ct of the SARS-CoV-2 specimen collected from the patient. Sanger sequencing was done on the entire fragment of the S gene to identify mutations. Findings: Sanger sequencing revealed mutations in the lineage of interest, designated B.1.525 by Pango, and also known as “Eta” using the nomenclature defined by WHO. This variant was originally found in Nigeria and Italy. The four novel mutations identified in Eta (D228N, Y451N, I1172M, and C1250F) were otherwise observed with a low frequency worldwide. Although the initial Ct was 10 in the case study patient, he did not exhibit severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2, for example, pneumonia. However, we observed a longer viral clearance period than usual, of 3 weeks. We note that as compared to SARS-CoV-2 samples obtained during the first peaks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mali, when the infection was at its peak in March 2020 (Ct = 30.4), circulating strains evaluated at the time the Eta sample was obtained demonstrated a lower mean Ct (Ct = 24). Conclusions: The short cycle threshold associated with this variant, and the temporal association with a decrease in the mean Ct in the region of Bamako, may indicate higher levels of transmissibility due to a circulating variant. This variant is a lineage of interest designated B.1.525 by Pango or Eta by WHO.
