A wide survey was conducted to study plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs)associated with Prunus groves in Spain.This research aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of PPNs in Prunus groves,as well as the influ...A wide survey was conducted to study plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs)associated with Prunus groves in Spain.This research aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of PPNs in Prunus groves,as well as the influence of explanatory variables describing soil,climate and agricultural management in structuring the variation of PPNs community composition.A total of 218 sampling sites were surveyed and 84 PPN species belonging to 32 genera were identified based of an integrative taxonomic approach.PPN species considered as potential limiting factors in Prunus production,such as Meloidogyne arenaria,M.incognita,M.javanica,Pratylenchus penetrans and P.vulnus,were identified in this survey.Seven soil physico-chemical(C,Mg,N,Na,OM,P,pH and clay,loamy sand and sandy loam texture classes),four climate(Bio04,Bio05,Bio13 and Bio14)and four agricultural management variables(grove-use history less than 10 years,irrigation,apricot seedling rootstock,and Montclar rootstock)were identified as the most influential variables driving spatial patterns of PPNs communities.In particular,younger plantations showed higher values for species richness and diversity indices than groves cultivated for more than 20 years with Prunus spp.Our study increases the knowledge of the distribution and prevalence of PPNs associated with Prunus rhizosphere,as well as on the influence of explanatory variables driving the spatial structure PPNs communities,which has important implications for the successful design of sustainable management strategies in the future in this agricultural system.展开更多
Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year per...Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year period were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with rainfed olive （Olea europaea cv. Picual） trees under： 1） non-tillage with barley strips of 4 m width （BS）; 2） non-tillage with native vegetation strips of 4 m width （NVS）; and 3） non-tillage without plant strips （NT）. The erosion plots, located in Lanjaron （Granada, south-eastern Spain）, on a 30% slope, were 192 m2 in area. For assessing soil water dynamics in real-time and near-continuous soil water content measurements, multisensor capacitance probes were installed in the middle of plant strips and beneath the olive tree at five soil depths （10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm）. The highest erosion and runoff rates were measured under NT, with a mean of 17.3 Mg ha-1 year-1 and 140.0 mm year-1, respectively, over the entire study period. The BS and NVS with respect to the NT reduced erosion by 71% and 59% and runoff by 95% and 94%, respectively. In general, greater available soil water content was found under BS than NVS and NT, especially beneath the olive tree canopies. These results supported the recommendation of non-tillage with barley strips in order to reduce erosion and to preserve soil water for trees in traditional mountainous olive-producing areas, where orchards cover vast tracts of land.展开更多
In the last year, interest in using Artificial Neural networks as a modeling tool in food technology is increasing because they have found extensive utilization in solving many complex real world problems. Due to this...In the last year, interest in using Artificial Neural networks as a modeling tool in food technology is increasing because they have found extensive utilization in solving many complex real world problems. Due to this and as previous step at development of some project, this paper intends to introduce the reader inside neural networks: general characteristics of the ANN, their architectures, their rules of learning, types of networks and ANN’s create process. Also this paper presents a comprehensive review of food industrial applications of artificial neural networks in the last year. ANN industrial applications are grouped and tabulated by their main functions and what they actually performed on the referenced papers with except the applications in the olive oil industry that are described with special emphasis.展开更多
Improvement of nutritional and organoleptic quality of fruits is a key goal in current strawberry breeding programs.The ratio of sugars to acids is a determinant factor contributing to fruit liking,although different ...Improvement of nutritional and organoleptic quality of fruits is a key goal in current strawberry breeding programs.The ratio of sugars to acids is a determinant factor contributing to fruit liking,although different sugars and acids contribute in varying degrees to this complex trait.A segregating F1 population of 95 individuals,previously characterized for several fruit quality characters,was used to map during 2 years quantitative trait loci(QTL)for 50 primary metabolites,L-ascorbic acid(L-AA)and other related traits such as soluble solid content(SSC),titratable acidity(TA),and pH.A total of 133 mQTL were detected above the established thresholds for 44 traits.Only 12.9%of QTL were detected in the 2 years,suggesting a large environmental influence on primary metabolite content.An objective of this study was the identification of key metabolites that were associated to the overall variation in SSC and acidity.As it was observed in previous studies,a number of QTL controlling several metabolites and traits were co-located in homoeology group V(HG V).mQTL controlling a large variance in raffinose,sucrose,succinic acid,and L-AA were detected in approximate the same chromosomal regions of different homoeologous linkage groups belonging to HG V.Candidate genes for selected mQTL are proposed based on their co-localization,on the predicted function,and their differential gene expression among contrasting F1 progeny lines.RNA-seq analysis from progeny lines contrasting in L-AA content detected 826 differentially expressed genes and identified Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase,FaM6PI1,as a candidate gene contributing to natural variation in ascorbic acid in strawberry fruit.展开更多
Strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa)fruits are an excellent source of L-ascorbic acid(AsA),a powerful antioxidant for plants and humans.Identifying the genetic components underlying AsA accumulation is crucial for enhan...Strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa)fruits are an excellent source of L-ascorbic acid(AsA),a powerful antioxidant for plants and humans.Identifying the genetic components underlying AsA accumulation is crucial for enhancing strawberry nutritional quality.Here,we unravel the genetic architecture of AsA accumulation using an F1 population derived from parental lines‘Candonga’and‘Senga Sengana’,adapted to distinct Southern and Northern European areas.To account for environmental effects,the F1 and parental lines were grown and phenotyped in five locations across Europe(France,Germany,Italy,Poland and Spain).Fruit AsA content displayed normal distribution typical of quantitative traits and ranged five-fold,with significant differences among genotypes and environments.AsA content in each country and the average in all of them was used in combination with 6,974 markers for quantitative trait locus(QTL)analysis.Environmentally stable QTLs for AsA content were detected in linkage group(LG)3A,LG 5A,LG 5B,LG 6B and LG 7C.Candidate genes were identified within stable QTL intervals and expression analysis in lines with contrasting AsA content suggested that GDP-L-Galactose Phosphorylase FaGGP(3A),and the chloroplast-located AsA transporter gene FaPHT4;4(7C)might be the underlying genetic factors for QTLs on LG 3A and 7C,respectively.We show that recessive alleles of FaGGP(3A)inherited from both parental lines increase fruit AsA content.Furthermore,expression of FaGGP(3A)was two-fold higher in lines with high AsA.Markers here identified represent a useful resource for efficient selection of new strawberry cultivars with increased AsA content.展开更多
Different strategies of deficit irrigation based on water stress dynamics were applied in an 11-year old citrus trees （Citrus sinensis L. Osb. cv. Navelina） grafted on carrizo citrange （Citrus sinensis L. Osb.×...Different strategies of deficit irrigation based on water stress dynamics were applied in an 11-year old citrus trees （Citrus sinensis L. Osb. cv. Navelina） grafted on carrizo citrange （Citrus sinensis L. Osb.×Poncirus Trifoliata L. Osb.）. The trees were subjected to two irrigation treatments： （1） sustainable deficit irrigation （SDI） established with water supplied at 60% of the crop evapotranspiration （ETc） and （2） low frequency deficit irrigation （LFDI） irrigated according to the plant water status. In addition, a treatment irrigated at 100% of ETc was included as a control （C）. Midday stem-water potential （ψUstem）, stomatal conductance （gs）, and micrometric trunk diameter fluctuations were measured during the maximum evapotranspirative demand period to evaluate the plant-water status, and establish the main relationships among them. The seasonal pattern of the studied variables had a behavior consistent with the contributions made by the volumes of applied irrigation water. Especially significant close relationships of ψstem with gs, and with the maximum daily shrinkage （MDS） were found. The lowest ψstem and gs values were registered in the treatments with lowest irrigations levels （SDI and LFDI）, being the MDS was significative higher than in the C treatment. The LFDI showed an oscillating behavior in these parameters, which was on line with the supplied irrigation restrictions cycles. Thus, according to the results of the present experiment the physiological stress indexes based in MDS or ψstem allow establishing different irrigation restriction cycles, encouraging important water saving without significant impact on yield and the fruit quality parameters.展开更多
The increased expectations for food products of high quality and safety standards and the need for accurate, fast and objective quality determination of these characteristics in food products continue to grow. In this...The increased expectations for food products of high quality and safety standards and the need for accurate, fast and objective quality determination of these characteristics in food products continue to grow. In this situation, new techniques are necessary to enable on-line control of quality parameters. Computer vision provides one alternative for an automated, non-destructive and cost-effective technique in order to accomplish these requirements. The maturity index and sanitary conditions were objectively assessed on-line by image analysis obtained through machine vision, in which algorithms of colour-based segmentation, as well as the main operators to detect edges were used. The proposed methodology is able to estimate the maturity index and the percentage of defects in olives. In addition, this system can be potentially used on-line in the classification of olives, which means that it could help to improve the quality control of olive oil in factories.展开更多
The strawberry Fra a 1 proteins belong to the class 10 Pathogenesis-Related(PR-10)superfamily.In strawberry,a large number of members have been identified,but only a limited number is expressed in the fruits.In this o...The strawberry Fra a 1 proteins belong to the class 10 Pathogenesis-Related(PR-10)superfamily.In strawberry,a large number of members have been identified,but only a limited number is expressed in the fruits.In this organ,Fra a 1.01 and Fra a 1.02 are the most abundant Fra proteins in the green and red fruits,respectively,however,their function remains unknown.To know the function of Fra a 1.02 we have generated transgenic lines that silence this gene,and performed metabolomics,RNA-Seq,and hormonal assays.Previous studies associated Fra a 1.02 to strawberry fruit color,but the analysis of anthocyanins in the ripe fruits showed no diminution in their content in the silenced lines.Gene ontology(GO)analysis of the genes differentially expressed indicated that oxidation/reduction was the most represented biological process.Redox state was not apparently altered since no changes were found in ascorbic acid and glutathione(GSH)reduced/oxidized ratio,but GSH content was reduced in the silenced fruits.In addition,a number of glutathione-S-transferases(GST)were down-regulated as result of Fra a 1.02-silencing.Another highly represented GO category was transport which included a number of ABC and MATE transporters.Among the regulatory genes differentially expressed WRKY33.1 and WRKY33.2 were down-regulated,which had previously been assigned a role in strawberry plant defense.A reduced expression of the VQ23 gene and a diminished content of the hormones JA,SA,and IAA were also found.These data might indicate that Fra a 1.02 participates in the defense against pathogens in the ripe strawberry fruits.展开更多
The susceptibility of different tissues and organs from strawberry plants, cv ＂Camarosa＂, to Colletotrichum acutatum was tested using a severity index based on infection response. Symptoms developed on inoculated ti...The susceptibility of different tissues and organs from strawberry plants, cv ＂Camarosa＂, to Colletotrichum acutatum was tested using a severity index based on infection response. Symptoms developed on inoculated tissues were characterized along 30 days. Flowers, except sepals, petioles and fruits were the most susceptible organs to the pathogen and they became necrotic tissues at 30 days post inoculation （dpi）. Also, well-developed acervuli, which produced masses of orange-pink spores, were observed on these infected organs. An asymptomatic stage or latency phase was observed in green and white strawberry fruits. In spite of they were inoculated anthracnose symptoms were observed only when they became red fruits. On the other hand, strawberry leaves and sepals were resistant to infection by C. acutatum and only small flecks or light brown spots were observed reaching a size of 1 to 5 mm at 30 dpi. Likewise, the susceptibility of stolons and crowns to C. acutatum was evaluated as intermediate at 30 dpi. Finally, the infection process of the fungus on strawberry leaves and petioles was studied using light and electron microscopy. Pre-penetration events were similar on both, leaves and petioles： However, differences between colonization of strawberry leaves and petioles by C. acutatum were observed.展开更多
Vegetative barriers have proven their effectiveness in controlling water erosion and enhancing other ecosystem services in agricultural areas.This characteristic has led to the conservation and promotion of vegetative...Vegetative barriers have proven their effectiveness in controlling water erosion and enhancing other ecosystem services in agricultural areas.This characteristic has led to the conservation and promotion of vegetative barriers as landscape elements by the Common Agricultural Policy and other policy initiatives.Numerous reviews have dealt with the trapping efficiency of vegetated barriers,although they usually focus on studies from humid climates where their implantation and survival are more favourable.However,vegetated barriers are also an attractive alternative in arid and semi-arid climates.They limit competition for water and nutrients with crops to a reduced area compared to other best management practices,such as cover crops.This study presents a review of trapping efficiency of sediment,runoff,and nutrients(P and N)by vegetative barriers in regions of humid and arid,and semi-arid,climates,and a strategy based on sediment trapping efficiency probability,which in turn is based on the results obtained from our review.Different types of independent variables were grouped and identified for the review:related to the vegetative barrier dimension(buffer width,slope of the plot,and buffer area ratio),and related to the experimental conditions(type of vegetation in the buffer,soil protection of the non-buffered area,type of climate,type of experimental measurement and origin of rainfall).An explor-atory analysis evaluated the significance of the experimental variables,which identified the need to focus on experiments under natural rainfall since those carried out with simulated rainfall presented statis-tically significant differences.In general,average trapping efficiencies for runoff and sediment were 40.1 and 62.6%,respectively.For nutrients,values of trapping efficiencies had an average of 44.9%for phosphorus and 38.4%for nitrogen.Runoff and sediment trapping efficiency in arid and semi-arid re-gions tended to be higher than in humid regions.Regarding dimensional variables,a positive trend was observed in the runoff and sediment trapping efficiency with the width of the vegetative barrier,with a large variability across all the width range.Finally,based on the results of our review,we developed a probabilistic model for sediment trapping efficiency as a normalised cumulative probability distribution function for the two climatic regions separately.Also,we developed it as a function of the width of the vegetative barrier for each climatic region,to facilitate decision-making.This model shows that in 92%of the cases,a vegetative barrier will reduce erosion in humid climates,while this trapping efficiency will be 100%in semi-arid and arid conditions.This analysis showed that vegetative barriers are an alternative to other best management practices,e.g.cover crops,when there are operational or agronomic impedi-ments to their implementation,having a high success rate in reducing erosion in any agricultural area.展开更多
To evaluate the use of organic amendments as an alternative to conventional fertilization,a 10-year experiment on a loam soil was conducted under a crop rotation system in both greenhouse and outdoor plots applied wit...To evaluate the use of organic amendments as an alternative to conventional fertilization,a 10-year experiment on a loam soil was conducted under a crop rotation system in both greenhouse and outdoor plots applied with chemical fertilizers (NPK) and vegetal compost (organic fertilizer) in the Guadalquivir River Valley,Spain.The effect of these two different fertilization regimes on the soil physical properties was evaluated.Soil organic carbon (OC),soil bulk density (BD),soil water retention (WR),available water content (AWC),aggregate stability (AS),and soil physical quality (Dexter's index,S) were determined.The use of organic fertilizer increased OC and resulted in a significant increase in AS and a decrease in BD compared to the mineral fertilizer application in both greenhouse and outdoor plots.The outdoor plots showed the lowest BD values whereas the greenhouse plots showed the highest AS values.In the last years of the 10-year experiment the S parameter was significantly higher in organic fertilizer plots,especially for greenhouse plots.At the end of the study period,there were no significant differences in WR at field capacity (FC) between treatments in both systems;the AWC was also similar in the greenhouse plots but higher in the mineral outdoor plots.In mineral fertilizer treatments,a small improvement in the physical properties was also observed due to the utilization of less aggressive tillage compared with the previous intensive cropping system.Physical soil properties were correlated with soil OC.The sustainable management techniques such as the use of organic amendments and low or no tillage improved soil physical properties,despite the differences in management that logically significantly affected the results.展开更多
The aim of this study was to analyse air exchange and temperature distribution in a greenhouse with combined mechanical and natural ventilation and to design more efficient mechanical ventilation systems.For this purp...The aim of this study was to analyse air exchange and temperature distribution in a greenhouse with combined mechanical and natural ventilation and to design more efficient mechanical ventilation systems.For this purpose,a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model of the greenhouse was used.Three configurations were considered:Configuration 1(mechanical ventilation and closed roof ventilators),Configurations 2 and 3(mechanical ventilation and roof ventilators open 30%and 100%,respectively).After validation,the CFD model was used to improve the design of the greenhouse mechanical ventilation system in each of the three configurations analyzed.Four greenhouse lengths,28 m,50 m,75 m and 100 m,were used in the simulations.Compared to fan ventilation only,roof ventilation improved the climate of fan-ventilated greenhouses in terms of the air exchange rate(22%)and climate uniformity because the internal air was mixed better than with mechanical ventilation only.As the greenhouse length increased,more advantages were achieved with natural ventilation compared to mechanical ventilation.For most configurations,there was a strong linear correlation between temperature gradient and greenhouse length.The greenhouse whose regression line had the steepest slope was the one with closed roof ventilators.Increasing the fan capacity produced a general reduction in temperature,but the effect was less intense for the greenhouses with open roof ventilators.Compared to box inlet ventilators,an enlarged continuous inlet in the wall opposite the fans increased overall system performance because it eliminated backflow recirculation zones,which are prone to produce high temperatures.展开更多
Orchards have a high potential for carbon sequestration.However,little research is available on the spatial variability at catchment scale and on the difference between the tree area and the lanes.We analyzed theik sp...Orchards have a high potential for carbon sequestration.However,little research is available on the spatial variability at catchment scale and on the difference between the tree area and the lanes.We analyzed theik spatial variability of soil organic carbon stock,SOCstock at 90 cm depth in an 8-ha catchment in Southern Spain with olives on a vertic soil.Results showed higher soil organic carbon concentration,SOC,in the tree area as compared to the lane up to 60 cm depth,but its impact on SOCstock was negligible since it was compensated by the higher soil bulk density in the lane.SOC at different depths was correlated with that in the top 0-5 cm.The overall SOCstock of the orchard was 4.14 kg m^(-2),ranging between 1.8 and 6.0 kg m^(-2).This SOCstock is in the mid-lower range of values reported for olive orchards,measured at smaller scale,and similar to those other intensive field crops and agroforestry under comparable rainfall conditions.The spatial variability in SOCstock was correlated to several geomorphological variables:elevation,cumulative upstream area,topographic wetness index,sediment transport index,and tillage erosion.Differences in SOC and SOCstock are driven by the sediment redis-tribution downslope,mainly by tillage erosion,and higher soil water availability in lower areas allowing higher biomass production.These topographic indexes and the correlation between SOC in the topsoil and SOCstock up to 90 cm should be further explored in other typology of olive orchards for facilitating the mapping of SOC_(stock).展开更多
The grooved carpet-shell clam Ruditapes decussatus is native to the Northern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and has a high commercial value.It is one of the main native bivalve species cultured in Europe.The main obje...The grooved carpet-shell clam Ruditapes decussatus is native to the Northern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and has a high commercial value.It is one of the main native bivalve species cultured in Europe.The main objective of the present study was to gain further insights into the immunological repertoire of R.decussatus through a transcriptomic approach.Pooled mantle samples of eight R.decussatus individuals were sequenced using Illumina platform.A total of 67132 contigs with more than 800 bp were obtained.Manual annotation of these contigs revealed 146 immune-related genes.The gene families in which the highest number of immune-related genes was observed were:C1q domain-containing proteins(63),tumor necrosis factors(15)and toll-like receptors(TLRs,10).A total of 5359 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified in the 146 immune-related genes.The density of SNPs ranged between 0.04 and 7.92 SNPs/100 bp.The highest and the lowest SNP density were observed in genes of the C1q domain-containing protein family.Due to the importance of TLRs in innate immunity,we focused our attention on these membrane receptors.Ten TLRs were identified based on protein domain organization.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that R.decussatus TLRs were diverse and only 3 showed orthology with TLRs of known immune functions in other bivalve species.Moreover,our analysis suggests that lineage restricted-expansions of TLRs occurred in all mollusc taxa analysed including in venerids.展开更多
基金supported by the grant RTI2018-095925-A-100,“Interactions among soil microorganisms as a tool for the sustainability of the resistance of rootstocks fruit trees against plant-parasitic nematodes”funded by Ministry of Science and Innovation(MCIN)and by European Regional Development Fund(ERDF)“A way of making Europe”The first author is a recipient of grant(PRE2019-090206)funded by European Social Fund(ESF)“Investing in your future”。
文摘A wide survey was conducted to study plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs)associated with Prunus groves in Spain.This research aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of PPNs in Prunus groves,as well as the influence of explanatory variables describing soil,climate and agricultural management in structuring the variation of PPNs community composition.A total of 218 sampling sites were surveyed and 84 PPN species belonging to 32 genera were identified based of an integrative taxonomic approach.PPN species considered as potential limiting factors in Prunus production,such as Meloidogyne arenaria,M.incognita,M.javanica,Pratylenchus penetrans and P.vulnus,were identified in this survey.Seven soil physico-chemical(C,Mg,N,Na,OM,P,pH and clay,loamy sand and sandy loam texture classes),four climate(Bio04,Bio05,Bio13 and Bio14)and four agricultural management variables(grove-use history less than 10 years,irrigation,apricot seedling rootstock,and Montclar rootstock)were identified as the most influential variables driving spatial patterns of PPNs communities.In particular,younger plantations showed higher values for species richness and diversity indices than groves cultivated for more than 20 years with Prunus spp.Our study increases the knowledge of the distribution and prevalence of PPNs associated with Prunus rhizosphere,as well as on the influence of explanatory variables driving the spatial structure PPNs communities,which has important implications for the successful design of sustainable management strategies in the future in this agricultural system.
基金Project supported by the European Union (No.EU QLK5-CT2002-01841)
文摘Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year period were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with rainfed olive （Olea europaea cv. Picual） trees under： 1） non-tillage with barley strips of 4 m width （BS）; 2） non-tillage with native vegetation strips of 4 m width （NVS）; and 3） non-tillage without plant strips （NT）. The erosion plots, located in Lanjaron （Granada, south-eastern Spain）, on a 30% slope, were 192 m2 in area. For assessing soil water dynamics in real-time and near-continuous soil water content measurements, multisensor capacitance probes were installed in the middle of plant strips and beneath the olive tree at five soil depths （10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm）. The highest erosion and runoff rates were measured under NT, with a mean of 17.3 Mg ha-1 year-1 and 140.0 mm year-1, respectively, over the entire study period. The BS and NVS with respect to the NT reduced erosion by 71% and 59% and runoff by 95% and 94%, respectively. In general, greater available soil water content was found under BS than NVS and NT, especially beneath the olive tree canopies. These results supported the recommendation of non-tillage with barley strips in order to reduce erosion and to preserve soil water for trees in traditional mountainous olive-producing areas, where orchards cover vast tracts of land.
文摘In the last year, interest in using Artificial Neural networks as a modeling tool in food technology is increasing because they have found extensive utilization in solving many complex real world problems. Due to this and as previous step at development of some project, this paper intends to introduce the reader inside neural networks: general characteristics of the ANN, their architectures, their rules of learning, types of networks and ANN’s create process. Also this paper presents a comprehensive review of food industrial applications of artificial neural networks in the last year. ANN industrial applications are grouped and tabulated by their main functions and what they actually performed on the referenced papers with except the applications in the olive oil industry that are described with special emphasis.
基金supported by grants AGL2012-40066-C02-01 and-02(MINECO and FEDER),project EI.AVA.AVA201601.10(IFAPA,FEDER funds)the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme(GoodBerry,grant agreement number 679303).D.P.has received a predoctoral grant from MINECO(grant BES-2013-062856)+1 种基金S.O.acknowledges the support by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(Ramón and Cajal contract,RYC2011-09170)Plan Propio from University of Malaga.I.A.acknowledge funding by a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme(IOF Flavor 328052).
文摘Improvement of nutritional and organoleptic quality of fruits is a key goal in current strawberry breeding programs.The ratio of sugars to acids is a determinant factor contributing to fruit liking,although different sugars and acids contribute in varying degrees to this complex trait.A segregating F1 population of 95 individuals,previously characterized for several fruit quality characters,was used to map during 2 years quantitative trait loci(QTL)for 50 primary metabolites,L-ascorbic acid(L-AA)and other related traits such as soluble solid content(SSC),titratable acidity(TA),and pH.A total of 133 mQTL were detected above the established thresholds for 44 traits.Only 12.9%of QTL were detected in the 2 years,suggesting a large environmental influence on primary metabolite content.An objective of this study was the identification of key metabolites that were associated to the overall variation in SSC and acidity.As it was observed in previous studies,a number of QTL controlling several metabolites and traits were co-located in homoeology group V(HG V).mQTL controlling a large variance in raffinose,sucrose,succinic acid,and L-AA were detected in approximate the same chromosomal regions of different homoeologous linkage groups belonging to HG V.Candidate genes for selected mQTL are proposed based on their co-localization,on the predicted function,and their differential gene expression among contrasting F1 progeny lines.RNA-seq analysis from progeny lines contrasting in L-AA content detected 826 differentially expressed genes and identified Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase,FaM6PI1,as a candidate gene contributing to natural variation in ascorbic acid in strawberry fruit.
基金supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(GoodBerrygrant agreement number 679303)Agencia Estatal de Investigación(PID2019-111496RR-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)and PR.AVA.AVA2019.034(IFAPA,FEDER funds)。
文摘Strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa)fruits are an excellent source of L-ascorbic acid(AsA),a powerful antioxidant for plants and humans.Identifying the genetic components underlying AsA accumulation is crucial for enhancing strawberry nutritional quality.Here,we unravel the genetic architecture of AsA accumulation using an F1 population derived from parental lines‘Candonga’and‘Senga Sengana’,adapted to distinct Southern and Northern European areas.To account for environmental effects,the F1 and parental lines were grown and phenotyped in five locations across Europe(France,Germany,Italy,Poland and Spain).Fruit AsA content displayed normal distribution typical of quantitative traits and ranged five-fold,with significant differences among genotypes and environments.AsA content in each country and the average in all of them was used in combination with 6,974 markers for quantitative trait locus(QTL)analysis.Environmentally stable QTLs for AsA content were detected in linkage group(LG)3A,LG 5A,LG 5B,LG 6B and LG 7C.Candidate genes were identified within stable QTL intervals and expression analysis in lines with contrasting AsA content suggested that GDP-L-Galactose Phosphorylase FaGGP(3A),and the chloroplast-located AsA transporter gene FaPHT4;4(7C)might be the underlying genetic factors for QTLs on LG 3A and 7C,respectively.We show that recessive alleles of FaGGP(3A)inherited from both parental lines increase fruit AsA content.Furthermore,expression of FaGGP(3A)was two-fold higher in lines with high AsA.Markers here identified represent a useful resource for efficient selection of new strawberry cultivars with increased AsA content.
文摘Different strategies of deficit irrigation based on water stress dynamics were applied in an 11-year old citrus trees （Citrus sinensis L. Osb. cv. Navelina） grafted on carrizo citrange （Citrus sinensis L. Osb.×Poncirus Trifoliata L. Osb.）. The trees were subjected to two irrigation treatments： （1） sustainable deficit irrigation （SDI） established with water supplied at 60% of the crop evapotranspiration （ETc） and （2） low frequency deficit irrigation （LFDI） irrigated according to the plant water status. In addition, a treatment irrigated at 100% of ETc was included as a control （C）. Midday stem-water potential （ψUstem）, stomatal conductance （gs）, and micrometric trunk diameter fluctuations were measured during the maximum evapotranspirative demand period to evaluate the plant-water status, and establish the main relationships among them. The seasonal pattern of the studied variables had a behavior consistent with the contributions made by the volumes of applied irrigation water. Especially significant close relationships of ψstem with gs, and with the maximum daily shrinkage （MDS） were found. The lowest ψstem and gs values were registered in the treatments with lowest irrigations levels （SDI and LFDI）, being the MDS was significative higher than in the C treatment. The LFDI showed an oscillating behavior in these parameters, which was on line with the supplied irrigation restrictions cycles. Thus, according to the results of the present experiment the physiological stress indexes based in MDS or ψstem allow establishing different irrigation restriction cycles, encouraging important water saving without significant impact on yield and the fruit quality parameters.
文摘The increased expectations for food products of high quality and safety standards and the need for accurate, fast and objective quality determination of these characteristics in food products continue to grow. In this situation, new techniques are necessary to enable on-line control of quality parameters. Computer vision provides one alternative for an automated, non-destructive and cost-effective technique in order to accomplish these requirements. The maturity index and sanitary conditions were objectively assessed on-line by image analysis obtained through machine vision, in which algorithms of colour-based segmentation, as well as the main operators to detect edges were used. The proposed methodology is able to estimate the maturity index and the percentage of defects in olives. In addition, this system can be potentially used on-line in the classification of olives, which means that it could help to improve the quality control of olive oil in factories.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(MINECO,BIO2013-44199-R)B.O-N.was supported by a FPI fellowship and C.M.by the RYC program of Spanish Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessThe authors would like to thank and acknowledge the support of this work by the EU funded GoodBerry project(funded from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 679303).
文摘The strawberry Fra a 1 proteins belong to the class 10 Pathogenesis-Related(PR-10)superfamily.In strawberry,a large number of members have been identified,but only a limited number is expressed in the fruits.In this organ,Fra a 1.01 and Fra a 1.02 are the most abundant Fra proteins in the green and red fruits,respectively,however,their function remains unknown.To know the function of Fra a 1.02 we have generated transgenic lines that silence this gene,and performed metabolomics,RNA-Seq,and hormonal assays.Previous studies associated Fra a 1.02 to strawberry fruit color,but the analysis of anthocyanins in the ripe fruits showed no diminution in their content in the silenced lines.Gene ontology(GO)analysis of the genes differentially expressed indicated that oxidation/reduction was the most represented biological process.Redox state was not apparently altered since no changes were found in ascorbic acid and glutathione(GSH)reduced/oxidized ratio,but GSH content was reduced in the silenced fruits.In addition,a number of glutathione-S-transferases(GST)were down-regulated as result of Fra a 1.02-silencing.Another highly represented GO category was transport which included a number of ABC and MATE transporters.Among the regulatory genes differentially expressed WRKY33.1 and WRKY33.2 were down-regulated,which had previously been assigned a role in strawberry plant defense.A reduced expression of the VQ23 gene and a diminished content of the hormones JA,SA,and IAA were also found.These data might indicate that Fra a 1.02 participates in the defense against pathogens in the ripe strawberry fruits.
文摘The susceptibility of different tissues and organs from strawberry plants, cv ＂Camarosa＂, to Colletotrichum acutatum was tested using a severity index based on infection response. Symptoms developed on inoculated tissues were characterized along 30 days. Flowers, except sepals, petioles and fruits were the most susceptible organs to the pathogen and they became necrotic tissues at 30 days post inoculation （dpi）. Also, well-developed acervuli, which produced masses of orange-pink spores, were observed on these infected organs. An asymptomatic stage or latency phase was observed in green and white strawberry fruits. In spite of they were inoculated anthracnose symptoms were observed only when they became red fruits. On the other hand, strawberry leaves and sepals were resistant to infection by C. acutatum and only small flecks or light brown spots were observed reaching a size of 1 to 5 mm at 30 dpi. Likewise, the susceptibility of stolons and crowns to C. acutatum was evaluated as intermediate at 30 dpi. Finally, the infection process of the fungus on strawberry leaves and petioles was studied using light and electron microscopy. Pre-penetration events were similar on both, leaves and petioles： However, differences between colonization of strawberry leaves and petioles by C. acutatum were observed.
基金carried out under the project"Analysis of the effect of vegetated barriers on ecosystem services related to hydrological fluxes in semiarid agricultural landscapes"(PID2019-105793RB-100)the full time predoctoral fellowship of the first author PRE2020-093846 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovationsupport from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmes under grant agreements No 101000224 and No 862695.
文摘Vegetative barriers have proven their effectiveness in controlling water erosion and enhancing other ecosystem services in agricultural areas.This characteristic has led to the conservation and promotion of vegetative barriers as landscape elements by the Common Agricultural Policy and other policy initiatives.Numerous reviews have dealt with the trapping efficiency of vegetated barriers,although they usually focus on studies from humid climates where their implantation and survival are more favourable.However,vegetated barriers are also an attractive alternative in arid and semi-arid climates.They limit competition for water and nutrients with crops to a reduced area compared to other best management practices,such as cover crops.This study presents a review of trapping efficiency of sediment,runoff,and nutrients(P and N)by vegetative barriers in regions of humid and arid,and semi-arid,climates,and a strategy based on sediment trapping efficiency probability,which in turn is based on the results obtained from our review.Different types of independent variables were grouped and identified for the review:related to the vegetative barrier dimension(buffer width,slope of the plot,and buffer area ratio),and related to the experimental conditions(type of vegetation in the buffer,soil protection of the non-buffered area,type of climate,type of experimental measurement and origin of rainfall).An explor-atory analysis evaluated the significance of the experimental variables,which identified the need to focus on experiments under natural rainfall since those carried out with simulated rainfall presented statis-tically significant differences.In general,average trapping efficiencies for runoff and sediment were 40.1 and 62.6%,respectively.For nutrients,values of trapping efficiencies had an average of 44.9%for phosphorus and 38.4%for nitrogen.Runoff and sediment trapping efficiency in arid and semi-arid re-gions tended to be higher than in humid regions.Regarding dimensional variables,a positive trend was observed in the runoff and sediment trapping efficiency with the width of the vegetative barrier,with a large variability across all the width range.Finally,based on the results of our review,we developed a probabilistic model for sediment trapping efficiency as a normalised cumulative probability distribution function for the two climatic regions separately.Also,we developed it as a function of the width of the vegetative barrier for each climatic region,to facilitate decision-making.This model shows that in 92%of the cases,a vegetative barrier will reduce erosion in humid climates,while this trapping efficiency will be 100%in semi-arid and arid conditions.This analysis showed that vegetative barriers are an alternative to other best management practices,e.g.cover crops,when there are operational or agronomic impedi-ments to their implementation,having a high success rate in reducing erosion in any agricultural area.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain (No. AGL2000-0493) and the Andalusia Government,Spain
文摘To evaluate the use of organic amendments as an alternative to conventional fertilization,a 10-year experiment on a loam soil was conducted under a crop rotation system in both greenhouse and outdoor plots applied with chemical fertilizers (NPK) and vegetal compost (organic fertilizer) in the Guadalquivir River Valley,Spain.The effect of these two different fertilization regimes on the soil physical properties was evaluated.Soil organic carbon (OC),soil bulk density (BD),soil water retention (WR),available water content (AWC),aggregate stability (AS),and soil physical quality (Dexter's index,S) were determined.The use of organic fertilizer increased OC and resulted in a significant increase in AS and a decrease in BD compared to the mineral fertilizer application in both greenhouse and outdoor plots.The outdoor plots showed the lowest BD values whereas the greenhouse plots showed the highest AS values.In the last years of the 10-year experiment the S parameter was significantly higher in organic fertilizer plots,especially for greenhouse plots.At the end of the study period,there were no significant differences in WR at field capacity (FC) between treatments in both systems;the AWC was also similar in the greenhouse plots but higher in the mineral outdoor plots.In mineral fertilizer treatments,a small improvement in the physical properties was also observed due to the utilization of less aggressive tillage compared with the previous intensive cropping system.Physical soil properties were correlated with soil OC.The sustainable management techniques such as the use of organic amendments and low or no tillage improved soil physical properties,despite the differences in management that logically significantly affected the results.
基金This research work was partially financed by the EUPHOROS project,Efficient Use of inputs in Protected Horticulture,the Seventh EU Framework Programme and INIA project RTA(2008-00109-C03-01).
文摘The aim of this study was to analyse air exchange and temperature distribution in a greenhouse with combined mechanical and natural ventilation and to design more efficient mechanical ventilation systems.For this purpose,a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model of the greenhouse was used.Three configurations were considered:Configuration 1(mechanical ventilation and closed roof ventilators),Configurations 2 and 3(mechanical ventilation and roof ventilators open 30%and 100%,respectively).After validation,the CFD model was used to improve the design of the greenhouse mechanical ventilation system in each of the three configurations analyzed.Four greenhouse lengths,28 m,50 m,75 m and 100 m,were used in the simulations.Compared to fan ventilation only,roof ventilation improved the climate of fan-ventilated greenhouses in terms of the air exchange rate(22%)and climate uniformity because the internal air was mixed better than with mechanical ventilation only.As the greenhouse length increased,more advantages were achieved with natural ventilation compared to mechanical ventilation.For most configurations,there was a strong linear correlation between temperature gradient and greenhouse length.The greenhouse whose regression line had the steepest slope was the one with closed roof ventilators.Increasing the fan capacity produced a general reduction in temperature,but the effect was less intense for the greenhouses with open roof ventilators.Compared to box inlet ventilators,an enlarged continuous inlet in the wall opposite the fans increased overall system performance because it eliminated backflow recirculation zones,which are prone to produce high temperatures.
基金supported by projects AGL 2009-12936-C03-01,AGL2009-12936-C03-03(Spanish Government)SHui(European Commission Grant Agreement number:773903)+1 种基金TUdi(European Commission Grant Agreement number:101000224)EU-FEDER funds.T.Vanwalleghem thanks financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation,the Spanish State Research Agency,through the Severo Ochoa and Maria de Maeztu Program for Centers and Units of Excellence in R&D(Ref.CEX2019-000968-M).
文摘Orchards have a high potential for carbon sequestration.However,little research is available on the spatial variability at catchment scale and on the difference between the tree area and the lanes.We analyzed theik spatial variability of soil organic carbon stock,SOCstock at 90 cm depth in an 8-ha catchment in Southern Spain with olives on a vertic soil.Results showed higher soil organic carbon concentration,SOC,in the tree area as compared to the lane up to 60 cm depth,but its impact on SOCstock was negligible since it was compensated by the higher soil bulk density in the lane.SOC at different depths was correlated with that in the top 0-5 cm.The overall SOCstock of the orchard was 4.14 kg m^(-2),ranging between 1.8 and 6.0 kg m^(-2).This SOCstock is in the mid-lower range of values reported for olive orchards,measured at smaller scale,and similar to those other intensive field crops and agroforestry under comparable rainfall conditions.The spatial variability in SOCstock was correlated to several geomorphological variables:elevation,cumulative upstream area,topographic wetness index,sediment transport index,and tillage erosion.Differences in SOC and SOCstock are driven by the sediment redis-tribution downslope,mainly by tillage erosion,and higher soil water availability in lower areas allowing higher biomass production.These topographic indexes and the correlation between SOC in the topsoil and SOCstock up to 90 cm should be further explored in other typology of olive orchards for facilitating the mapping of SOC_(stock).
基金This study was financially supported by the projects:AQUAGENET(SOE2/P1/E287)funded by the European Regional Development Fund within the program INTERREG IVB SUDOE+2 种基金COMPETE/FEDER(FCOMP01-0124-FEDER-010607)PTDC/MAR/103550/2008 and CCMAR/Multi/04326/2013 funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT)F.M.B.and A.M.C were supported by postdoctoral fellowship grants from FCT(SFRH/BPD/108591/2015 and SFRH/BPD/85408/2012).
文摘The grooved carpet-shell clam Ruditapes decussatus is native to the Northern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and has a high commercial value.It is one of the main native bivalve species cultured in Europe.The main objective of the present study was to gain further insights into the immunological repertoire of R.decussatus through a transcriptomic approach.Pooled mantle samples of eight R.decussatus individuals were sequenced using Illumina platform.A total of 67132 contigs with more than 800 bp were obtained.Manual annotation of these contigs revealed 146 immune-related genes.The gene families in which the highest number of immune-related genes was observed were:C1q domain-containing proteins(63),tumor necrosis factors(15)and toll-like receptors(TLRs,10).A total of 5359 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified in the 146 immune-related genes.The density of SNPs ranged between 0.04 and 7.92 SNPs/100 bp.The highest and the lowest SNP density were observed in genes of the C1q domain-containing protein family.Due to the importance of TLRs in innate immunity,we focused our attention on these membrane receptors.Ten TLRs were identified based on protein domain organization.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that R.decussatus TLRs were diverse and only 3 showed orthology with TLRs of known immune functions in other bivalve species.Moreover,our analysis suggests that lineage restricted-expansions of TLRs occurred in all mollusc taxa analysed including in venerids.
