The inadequacy of drinking water distribution by the Chadian Water Company (STE) has led to the proliferation of private wells and boreholes in the city of Abéché. This study aims to evaluate the microbiolog...The inadequacy of drinking water distribution by the Chadian Water Company (STE) has led to the proliferation of private wells and boreholes in the city of Abéché. This study aims to evaluate the microbiological quality of the drinking water from these wells and boreholes in the city. Methodology: To carry out this study, a randomized selection of forty-five (45) water points, including nine (9) wells and thirty-six (36) boreholes, was identified, and samples were collected. These samples were sent to the National Water Laboratory (LNE) to test for several microbiological parameters, namely Escherichia coli, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal enterococci, and total aerobic flora. The technique used for this analysis was spread plating and membrane filtration. Results: The average values obtained in the well water are 0.338*104 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms, 0.156*104 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, 0.319*103 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli, 33.33 CFU/100 ml for fecal enterococci and 1.385*104 CFU/100 ml for total aerobic flora. For borehole water, the average values obtained are 0.469*104 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms, 0.134*104 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, 0.337*103 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli, 16.67 CFU/100 ml for fecal enterococci and 1.47*104 CFU/100 ml for total aerobic flora. Conclusion: According to the tolerance thresholds set by the WHO, the average values obtained significantly exceed the recommended standards for drinking water. Therefore, these waters must be treated alongside environmental sanitation measures at water points to ensure a safe drinking water supply that poses no major health risks to the population. For this fact, an appropriate health survey and the implementation of community water and sanitation projects are recommended.展开更多
The effects of climate change have had a major impact on forage availability in the Sahel and Saharan regions of Chad in recent years. This has led to the migration of farmers in search of long-distance grazing, thus ...The effects of climate change have had a major impact on forage availability in the Sahel and Saharan regions of Chad in recent years. This has led to the migration of farmers in search of long-distance grazing, thus impacting the potential of the animals to produce good quality milk and meat. It is with this in mind that this study was conducted on the knowledge of feeding practices of animals in the provinces of Wadi-Fira and West-Ennedi (Chad) during the lean period. More specifically, it is a question of collecting some information on the plants consumed by the animals and the way in which the breeders formulate the food ration of their herds in times of deficit. It emerges from this investigation that the herds of animals in the province of Wadi-Fira faced with forage deficit and adapted by consuming the leaves, fruits and seeds of certain tropical plants such as Capparis decidua, Ziziphus mauritiana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia tortilis, Boscia senegalensis, Salvadora percica and Tribulis terristris to compensate for food shortages. This same observation was made in the province of West-Ennedi, since this area is desert with annual precipitation of 150 mm. Natural pasture is only available around water points (ouadis and oasis) in a small area with a high number of herds. Thus, the herds also face a drastic lack of grazing during the deficit periods. However, they adapt by consuming the leaves, fruits and seeds of plants such as Bauhinia sp., Boscia senegalenis, Acacia tortilis, Tribulis terristris, Boscia angustifolia, Bicoma tomentosa, Blepharis linarifolia and Aristida funiculata during lean periods to meet their food requirements. The formulation of the feed ration for animals differs from one area to another. It is mainly based on residues from cereals such as millet (Panicum miliaceum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor).展开更多
Introduction: Infection disease is a real publique health problem. The rise of resistance for modern antibiotic in infections treatment imposed us order alternatives. The study objective was to contribute in the knowl...Introduction: Infection disease is a real publique health problem. The rise of resistance for modern antibiotic in infections treatment imposed us order alternatives. The study objective was to contribute in the knowledge of medicinal plants uses in urinary infections treatment in N’Djamena (Chad) in view for amelioration the traditional medicine in future. Methodology: The study was conducted in the city of N’Djamena in the Republic of Chad that interviewed 60 traditherapists on using 11 plants for urinary tract infections treatment. The methodology of this study consisted of the knowledge of medicinal plants that used by traditherapists, and the plants identification was done in the laboratory of IRED at Farcha. Results: A total of 60 traditherapists was interrogated on the plants used in the treatment of urinary tract infections among the population of N’Djamena. The majority of traditherapists interrogated in this study were male with the rate of 61.67% against female with the rate of 38.33%. The age range of traditherapists was between 20 to 80 years, 25 (41.67%) from the age range between 30 - 50 years and 35 (58.33%) in age range from 50 to 70 years. For the origin of their knowledge, the study showed that 72% of traditherapists inherited the knowledge from their family, while 15% inherited from the family and from training. The ethnic groups of the traditherapists were Sara (16%), Maraba (12%) and Massa (11%). According to the results, 18.33% were illiterates, 49% attended primary school and 33.34% the secondary school. Our study found that 11 species of plants belonging to 11 families were used in the treatment of urinary tract infection and the Ziziphus spina-christi was the most represented. According to traditherapists the Ziziphus spina-christi, Cassia obovata and Euphorbia hirta were the most frequent plants used in the urinary tract infections treatment. The parts of plants used in the treatment were leaves and bark, grained leaves and entire plants with the proportion of 50%, 16.67 and 15% respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that the medicinal plants are variously used in the treatment of infection urinary tract in the city of N’Djamena.展开更多
文摘The inadequacy of drinking water distribution by the Chadian Water Company (STE) has led to the proliferation of private wells and boreholes in the city of Abéché. This study aims to evaluate the microbiological quality of the drinking water from these wells and boreholes in the city. Methodology: To carry out this study, a randomized selection of forty-five (45) water points, including nine (9) wells and thirty-six (36) boreholes, was identified, and samples were collected. These samples were sent to the National Water Laboratory (LNE) to test for several microbiological parameters, namely Escherichia coli, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal enterococci, and total aerobic flora. The technique used for this analysis was spread plating and membrane filtration. Results: The average values obtained in the well water are 0.338*104 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms, 0.156*104 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, 0.319*103 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli, 33.33 CFU/100 ml for fecal enterococci and 1.385*104 CFU/100 ml for total aerobic flora. For borehole water, the average values obtained are 0.469*104 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms, 0.134*104 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, 0.337*103 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli, 16.67 CFU/100 ml for fecal enterococci and 1.47*104 CFU/100 ml for total aerobic flora. Conclusion: According to the tolerance thresholds set by the WHO, the average values obtained significantly exceed the recommended standards for drinking water. Therefore, these waters must be treated alongside environmental sanitation measures at water points to ensure a safe drinking water supply that poses no major health risks to the population. For this fact, an appropriate health survey and the implementation of community water and sanitation projects are recommended.
文摘The effects of climate change have had a major impact on forage availability in the Sahel and Saharan regions of Chad in recent years. This has led to the migration of farmers in search of long-distance grazing, thus impacting the potential of the animals to produce good quality milk and meat. It is with this in mind that this study was conducted on the knowledge of feeding practices of animals in the provinces of Wadi-Fira and West-Ennedi (Chad) during the lean period. More specifically, it is a question of collecting some information on the plants consumed by the animals and the way in which the breeders formulate the food ration of their herds in times of deficit. It emerges from this investigation that the herds of animals in the province of Wadi-Fira faced with forage deficit and adapted by consuming the leaves, fruits and seeds of certain tropical plants such as Capparis decidua, Ziziphus mauritiana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia tortilis, Boscia senegalensis, Salvadora percica and Tribulis terristris to compensate for food shortages. This same observation was made in the province of West-Ennedi, since this area is desert with annual precipitation of 150 mm. Natural pasture is only available around water points (ouadis and oasis) in a small area with a high number of herds. Thus, the herds also face a drastic lack of grazing during the deficit periods. However, they adapt by consuming the leaves, fruits and seeds of plants such as Bauhinia sp., Boscia senegalenis, Acacia tortilis, Tribulis terristris, Boscia angustifolia, Bicoma tomentosa, Blepharis linarifolia and Aristida funiculata during lean periods to meet their food requirements. The formulation of the feed ration for animals differs from one area to another. It is mainly based on residues from cereals such as millet (Panicum miliaceum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor).
文摘Introduction: Infection disease is a real publique health problem. The rise of resistance for modern antibiotic in infections treatment imposed us order alternatives. The study objective was to contribute in the knowledge of medicinal plants uses in urinary infections treatment in N’Djamena (Chad) in view for amelioration the traditional medicine in future. Methodology: The study was conducted in the city of N’Djamena in the Republic of Chad that interviewed 60 traditherapists on using 11 plants for urinary tract infections treatment. The methodology of this study consisted of the knowledge of medicinal plants that used by traditherapists, and the plants identification was done in the laboratory of IRED at Farcha. Results: A total of 60 traditherapists was interrogated on the plants used in the treatment of urinary tract infections among the population of N’Djamena. The majority of traditherapists interrogated in this study were male with the rate of 61.67% against female with the rate of 38.33%. The age range of traditherapists was between 20 to 80 years, 25 (41.67%) from the age range between 30 - 50 years and 35 (58.33%) in age range from 50 to 70 years. For the origin of their knowledge, the study showed that 72% of traditherapists inherited the knowledge from their family, while 15% inherited from the family and from training. The ethnic groups of the traditherapists were Sara (16%), Maraba (12%) and Massa (11%). According to the results, 18.33% were illiterates, 49% attended primary school and 33.34% the secondary school. Our study found that 11 species of plants belonging to 11 families were used in the treatment of urinary tract infection and the Ziziphus spina-christi was the most represented. According to traditherapists the Ziziphus spina-christi, Cassia obovata and Euphorbia hirta were the most frequent plants used in the urinary tract infections treatment. The parts of plants used in the treatment were leaves and bark, grained leaves and entire plants with the proportion of 50%, 16.67 and 15% respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that the medicinal plants are variously used in the treatment of infection urinary tract in the city of N’Djamena.
